Disease Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen

A

Microorganisms that produce disease

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2
Q

Major groups of microorganisms

A
Bacteria
Viruses
Algae
Protozoa 
Fungi
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3
Q

Bacteria

A

Consists of only single cell

Live in temperatures above boiling point and and in cold that would freeze your blood

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4
Q

Normal flora

A

Harmless bacteria found in the skin, respiratory tract, and gastro-intestinal tract.

They are beneficial and protect the human host by helping with metabolism and preventing entrance of harmful bacteria.

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5
Q

How does infection occur with bacteria?

A

When bacteria occurring naturally in one part of the body invades another part of the body.

When this occurs, the normal flora are infection causing.

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6
Q

Bacteria shapes

A

Coccus - sphere
Bacillus- rod
Spirochete- spiral

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7
Q

Spherical - cocci

A

Streptococci - responsible for strep throat and pneumonia . . . They form into a chain

Staphylococci - meningitis, arthritis, boils/pimples

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8
Q

Rod - bacilli

A

E. Coli
TB
Salmonella

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9
Q

Spirochetes

A

Have flexible cell walls and are capable of movement.

Syphilis
Lyme disease

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10
Q

Gram positive

A

Used in testing, bacteria that are stained by dye and appear dark purple under a microscope

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11
Q

Gram negative

A

When testing bacteria, bacteria that do not hold the stain and are almost colorless and nearly invisible under a microscope

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12
Q

Aerobes

A

Bacteria that needs oxygen to grow

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13
Q

Anaerobes

A

Bacteria that grow in the absence of oxygen and are destroyed by oxygen

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14
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Could live either with the presence or absence of oxygen

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15
Q

Capsules

A

Protective layer covering cell wall of bacteria

Generally make the bacteria virulent (Apache of causing serious disease)

The capsules increase their ability to resist the bodies defense mechanisms, making them hard to treat with antibiotics

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16
Q

Spores

A

Some bacteria change into highly resistant spores during harsh conditions

Bacteria remain alive, but are inactive
Can not reproduce or cause disease

When conditions are favorable again, the bacteria become active and capable of causing disease

Spores are the most resistant form of life known

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17
Q

Virus

A

Smaller than bacteria
Can cause fatal diseases

Invade host cell, replicate itself, then destroys the host cell so the viruses are released into the body

Not capable of growth and multiplication without using cell DNA for host

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18
Q

Latency

A

Some viruses establish a dormant state in host cell

Can be reactivated in the future.

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19
Q

Algae

A

Range from single cell organisms to larger cell organisms.

Most algae do not produce human disease

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20
Q

Protozoa

A

Large group of one cell organisms.

Found in fresh water and marine habitats

Small numbers are responsible for intestinal infections

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21
Q

Fungi

A

Are plants

Candida - common yeast found in oral cavity

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22
Q

Candidiasis

A

Thrush

Caused by yeast like fungus in an HIV infected individual.

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23
Q

Prions

A

Proteinaceous infectious particle

Made of proteins that lack DNA or RNA

Responsible for “mad cow disease” (holes in the brain)
And creuzfeldt-Jakob disease (neurological disorder)

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24
Q

Chain of infection

A
  1. Virulence
  2. # of microorganisms
  3. Susceptible host
  4. Portal of entry
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25
Q

Virulence

A

The strength of an organism in its ability to produce disease.

The body cannot change the virulence of microorganisms, so we must rely on our body’s defense

26
Q

of microorganisms

A

Pathogenic microorganisms must be high in order to cause disease

27
Q

Susceptible host

A

A person who is unable to resist infection by the pathogen.

Individual in poor health, extreme stress or weakened immune system

28
Q

Portal of entry

A

Pathogens must have a means of entering the body to cause infection

29
Q

Chain of infection

A

For an infectious disease to occur, each link in the chain must be connected.

Even if one link of the chain is missing, it interrupts the process, and no infection will occur.

30
Q

Acute infection

A

Symptoms are often quite severe and usually appear soon after the initial infection occurs.
Short duration.

Eg. Cold virus

31
Q

Chronic infection

A

The microorganism is present for a long period; some may persist for life.
Person my be asymptomatic.

Eg. HIV

32
Q

Latent infection

A

A persistent infection in which the symptoms come and go.

Eg. Cold sores (oral herpes)

33
Q

Opportunistic infections

A

Occur in individuals whose resistance is decreased or compromised.

34
Q

Methods of disease transmission

A
  • direct transmission
  • indirect transmission
  • parenteral transmission
  • blood-borne transmission
  • food and water transmission
  • fecal-oral transmission
35
Q

Direct transmission

A

Person to person contact.

Droplets spread through sneezing and coughing.

36
Q

Airborne transmission

A

AKA droplet transmission

Spread through droplets of moisture containing bacteria or viruses

Are carried long distances through the air

37
Q

Indirect transmission

A

Microorganisms are transmitted to an object or surface, and then are transferred to another person who touches those objects or surfaces.

38
Q

Parenteral transmission

A

Transmission of blood-borne pathogens

Can occur through needle stick injuries.

39
Q

Blood-borne transmission

A

Pathogens are carried in the blood and bodily fluids of infected individuals.

Transmission occurs through direct or indirect contacts of these fluids.

Saliva is usually contaminated with blood.

Eg. HIV, Hepatitis B, C and D

40
Q

Food and water transmission

A

Many diseases are transmitted by contaminated food and water that has been contaminated with human or animal fecal material

41
Q

Fecal-oral transmission

A

Many pathogens are present in fecal matter.

Transmitted directly by touching another person or by directly contacting a contaminated surface or food.

42
Q

The immune system

A

Is responsible for providing resistance to communicable diseases.

43
Q

Communicable diseases

A

Caused by infection spreading from person to person or through contact with bodily fluids.

44
Q

Immunity

A

Allows the body to resist disease and prevent foreign bodies from causing infection.

45
Q

Inherited immunity

A

Present at birth

46
Q

Acquired immunity

A

Developed through a person’s lifetime ( can occur naturally or artificially through vaccinations )

47
Q

Why is infection control important in dentistry?

A

On a daily basis, DHCP’s and pts are exposed to a wide variety of disease causing organisms, AKA pathogens

48
Q

Blood-borne pathogens standard

A

Most important infection control law in dentistry.

Guidelines designed to protect employees against occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens.

Ex. Hep B, Hep C, HIV

49
Q

Universal precautions

A

(Standard precautions)

Guidelines: treating all human blood and bodily fluids as potentially infectious.

All patients should be treated as if infected

50
Q

Standard precautions

A

Since saliva has always been considered potentially infectious material in dental infection control, there is no difference between standard and universal precautions.

51
Q

Routine practices

A

The concept that all pts are potentially infected, even when asymptomatic, the same safe standards of practice applies.

In addition, instruments in direct contact w/ these fluids & tissues are potentially contaminated w/ infectious agents.

52
Q

4 principles of SAFE practice

A
  1. Risk assessment
  2. Hand hygiene
  3. Personal protective equipment
  4. Safe handling & disposal of sharps & contaminated waste
53
Q

Risk assessment

A
  • health status of pt
  • cooperatives of pt
  • physical environment / working area
  • immune status of DHCP
54
Q

Hand hygiene

A

Should be performed by washing with plain or antimicrobial soap and running water, or by using a 70-90% alcohol based hand rub UNLESS hands are visibly soiled in which only soap and water should be used.

Wash hands before you put on gloves and immediately after you remove gloves.

Always use liquid soap

55
Q

Using soap and water for routine care

A

Wet hands with warm, not hot, water

Apply adequate amount of soap.

Rub vigorously for min. Of 10 seconds, covering all surfaces of hands.

Rinse well with running water.

Dry thoroughly with a disposable paper towel.

56
Q

70-90% alcohol-based rubs

A

Do not require the use of water

More effective at reducing microbial flora then plain soap.

Are not indicated if your hands are visibly soiled or contaminated

57
Q

Hand care recommendations

A

Keep skin healthy!

Do not use Vaseline-based hand locations, as they affect glove quality.

Skin will become dry due to washing- select a non-cosmetic moisturizer

58
Q

Special consideration for hand hygiene

A

No rings, fingernail polish, or artificial nails.

These can harbor pathogens and can puncture through gloves.

59
Q

PPE’s

A

Wear PPE’s when performing tasks that could produce splash, spatter, aerosol, or other contact with bodily fluids.

Wear PPE’s when you perform other clinical activities that require handling items contaminated with patient secretions.

60
Q

Protective clothing

A

Purpose is to protect the skin & under clothing from exposure to saliva, blood, aerosol, and other contaminated materials.

The decision as to the type of protective clothing you should wear is based on the degree of anticipated exposure to infectious material.