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LSHTM > Disease, pathogen, transmission > Flashcards

Disease, pathogen, transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever

A

R ricketsii
Tick - dermacentor [american dog tick]

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2
Q

African tick bite fever

A

R africae
Tick - ambylomma

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3
Q

Rickettsia pox

A

R akari
Mite - lyponyssoides sanguineus

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4
Q

Endemic/murine typhus

A

R typhi
Flea faeces - Xenopsylla cheopis

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5
Q

Epidemic typhus

A

R prowazekii
Louse faeces - human body louse pediculus humanus

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6
Q

Scrub typhus

A

Orientia tsutsugamushi
Tromboculid mite larva [chigger]

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7
Q

Endemic [tick-borne] relapsing fever

A

Borrelia spp
Soft ticks - ornithodorus

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8
Q

Epidemic [louse-borne] relapsing fever

A

Louse - human body louse pediculus humanus

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9
Q

Plague

A

Yersinia pestis - gram negative coccobacilli
Flea bite - xenopsylla cheopis

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10
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Leptospira interrogans
Contact with infected rodent urine

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11
Q

Melioidosis

A

Burkholderia pseudomallei - saprophytic gram negative rod
Contact with contaminated soil and water

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12
Q

Brucellosis

A

Brucella abortus, canus, suis and melitensis - aerobic intracellular gram negative cocco-bacilli
Unpasteurised milk/raw meat

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13
Q

Tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani - obligate anaerobic gram positive rod
Inoculation of ubiquitous environmental spores into wound

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14
Q

Diphtheria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae - aerobic gram positive rod
Respiratory droplets, secretions and fomites

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15
Q

Trachoma

A

Chlamydia trachomatis serovars A, B, Ba, CF
Fingers, flies and fomites among families and friends

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16
Q

Oroya fever [Carrions disease]/Peruvian wart

A

Bartonella bacilliformis - intracellular aerobic gram negative rod
-Uncertain - confined to Andes regions

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17
Q

Enteric fever/typhoid

A

Salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi A, B, C - anaerobic gram negative rod
Faecal-oral transmission

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18
Q

Cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae - gram negative rod
Faecal-oral

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19
Q

Yaws

A

Treponema pallidum pertenue
Skin to skin contact

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20
Q

Actinomycetoma

A

Bacteria - nocardia spp
Fungus - actinomadura spp

Water/soil via broken skin

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21
Q

Buruli ulcer

A

Mycobacterium ulcerans
Inoculation into broken skin

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22
Q

Leprosy

A

Mycobacterium leprae/lepromatosis
Human to human transmission via inhalation of respiratory droplets

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23
Q

Talaromycosis

A

Talaromyces marneffei
Inhalation from rainy season soil - bamboo rat reservoir

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24
Q

Paracoccidiodomycosis

A

Maracoccidioides
Inhalation of funges - Central and South America

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25
Q

Eumycetoma

A

Madurella mycetomatis
Water/soil via broken skin

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26
Q

PCP pneumonia

A

Pneumocystic jirovecii
Inhalation of ubiquitous spores

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27
Q

Amoebic dysentery - liver abscess

A

Entamoeba histolytica
Ingestion of cysts in food or water contaminated by human feces

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28
Q

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

A

Naegleria fowleri
Swimming in infected water

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29
Q

Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, amoebic keratitis

A

Acanthamoeba spp
Intranasal inoculuation or via skin break

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30
Q

Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis

A

Balamuthia mandrillaris
Lives in soil

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31
Q

Giardiasis

A

Giardia lamblia
Contamination of food, water, fomites

32
Q

Human African trypanosomiasis

A

T brucei
Tsetse fly [glossina]
Gambiense - chronic - West africa
Rhodesiense - acute - East africa + zoonotic [domestic cattle]

33
Q

Chagas

A

T cruzi
Triatomine bug faeces - MTC, blood transfusion, contaminated food

34
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania donovani complex [donovani, infantum, chagasi]
Female phlebotomine sandly fly
Phlebotomus = old world
Lutzomyia = new world

35
Q

Cutaneous leishmaniasis - some causes MCL [viannia subgenus]

A

L major, tropica, aethiopica
L mexicana complex
Viannia subgenus
Female phlebotomine sandfly

36
Q

Malaria

A

Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae, knowlesi
Female anopheles mosquito

37
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Toxoplasma gondii
Contamination with infected cat faeces

38
Q

Intestinal coccidia

A

Cryptosporidium parvum
Cyclospora catetanensis
Cystoisospora belli
Watery diarrhoea - faecal oral

39
Q

Enterobius vermicularis [pin worm]

A

Inoculation of eggs

40
Q

Guinea worm

A

Dracunculus medinensis
Drinking unfiltered water containing copepods

41
Q

Hookworm

A

Ancylostoma duodenale, necator americanus

Filariform larvae penetrate skin

42
Q

Strongylodies stercoralis

A

Filariform larvae penetrate skin - autoinfection

43
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Ingestion of embryonated eggs [18days-several weeks] in soil

44
Q

Whipworm

A

Trichuris trichiura
Ingestion of embryonated eggs [2 weeks to 6 months to mature in soil]

45
Q

Trichinellosis

A

Trichinella spp [T spiralis]
Ingestion of encysted larvae in raw or undercooked meat

46
Q

Capillaria phillippinensis

A

Protein-losing enteropathy
Ingestion of larva in raw or undercooked fish

47
Q

Toxocara canis

A

INgestion of eggs from puppies

48
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

A

Eosinophilic meningitis
Undercooked snails or slugs

49
Q

Anisakis spp

A

Raw or undercooked marine fish or squid

50
Q

Gnathostoma spingerium

A

Ingestion of undercooked meat of 2nd intermediate host [fish, frogs]

51
Q

Lymphatic filariasis

A

Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and timori
Culicine and anopheles mosquitoes

52
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

A

Simulium blackflies

53
Q

Loa loa

A

Chrysops - deer/mango fly

54
Q

Mansonella spp

A

Culicoides biting midge

55
Q

Diphyllobothrium lata

A

Undercooked fish

56
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Schistosoma mansoni - Biomphalaria snail
Schistoma japonicum - oncomelania snail
Schistosoma haematobium - bulinus snail

57
Q

Paragonimus spp

A

P westermanni
Eating undercooked crustaceans - freshwater crabs, river crabs, freshwater crayfish

58
Q

Clonorchis + opisthorcis

A

Liver fluke
Freshwater fish
Intermediate - freshwater snail
Carcinogenic

59
Q

Fasciola hepatica/giantica

A

Contaminated waterplants [watercress]
Intermediate - lymnaeid snails [pond and mud snails]
Only respond to triclabendazole [does not respond to praziquantel]

60
Q

Fasciolopsis buski

A

Intestinal fluke
Ingestion of water plants - water caltrop, water chestnut

61
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Poliovirus serotypes 1-3
Faecal-oral transmission

62
Q

Rabies

A

Rabies virus [Lyssavirus]
Bites from infected animal - 99% dogs

63
Q

Mpox

A

Mpox virus
Person to person direct contact

64
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Acute liver injury
Faecal-oral tranmsission
2-6 week incubation

65
Q

hepatitis B

A

Acute > chronic
Blood and body fluid
1-6 month incubation

66
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Chronic > acute
Blood and body fluid
2wk-6 months incubation

67
Q

Hepatitis D

A

Superinfection worse
Blood/body fluids - requires prior or co-infection with HBV

68
Q

Hepatitis E

A

Sporadic acute jaundice - liver injury in pregnancy
Faecal-oral with genotypes 1-2 in LIC
Undercooked pork with genotypes 3-4 in HIC

69
Q

Zika

A

Zika virus - Asian > African strain
Aedes aegypti > albopictus

70
Q

Japanese encephalitis

A

JE virus
Culex spp
Pigs and birds main hosts

71
Q

Dengue

A

DENV serotypes 1-4
Aedes aegypti >albopictus - day biters

72
Q

Yellow fever

A

Yellow fever virus
Sylvatic cycle - Aedes africanus, haemagogus spp
Savannah cycle - Aedes spp

73
Q

Ebola

A

Ebolavirus [Zaire/EBOV]
Spillover event from primate, bat - with human to human amplification with direct contact with infected fluids

74
Q

Lassa fever

A

Lassa virus - Arenavirus
Mastomys rodent urine/faeces contamination - human-to-human spread

75
Q

CCHF

A

CCHF virus - nairovirus
Hyalomma ticks - blood of infected livestock

LSHTM (47 decks)

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