disease distribution Flashcards
indicators of health (1)
what it measures
HALE
no.1 of years a baby can expect to live in full health without major disease
highest in developed countries such as: UK,USA,Australia
lowest in less developed countries eg those in sub saharan africa
prevalence vs incidence
prevalence- no. of cases at a period of time
incidence- no. of new cases in a time period
two types of disease
communicable vs non-communicable
infectious vs non-infectious
patterns of communicable & non- communicable
reasons
communicable- low income countries:
- lack of clean water
- overcrowded
- lack of healthcare & education
non- communicable- developed countries:
- higher proportion of old people
- unhealthy lifestyles- overwieght
example for communicable vs non- communicable patterns
2016
top cause of death low income countries:
-lower respiratory infections (pneumonia)- 75/100’000
top cause of death high income countries:
-heart disease- 145/100’000
% of disease risk due to environmental factors
70-90%
environment factors on disease (list)
latitude and climate- mosquitoes near tropics
- influenza in higher lats (temp)
- high rainfall= extreme flooding- contaminated water supply
topography- drainage conditions- unsafe water = cholera
overcrowding- quick spread of diseases
air pollution- urban areas, transport
% of deaths globally that could be reduced by improving water quality
2%
no. of premature deaths globally due to air pollution
3.7 million- 2012
non communicable LIC vs HIC
hic- higher death rates of non-communicable diseases
however, a lower percentage of cases (morbidity) result in death.
why is there a greater risk of dying from disease in LIC?
poor access to healthcare
malnutrition= poor immune system
how many stages in the epidemiological transition
3 certain - ,maybe 4 or 5
stage 1, 2 ,3 and 4of epidemiological transition
stage 1- high no. of communicable deaths- life expect. 50
stage 2- no. of deaths due to infectious diseases falls- better living conditions and healthcare. life expect. 60
stage 3- high no. of deaths due to non-communicable diseases. life expect 70
stage 4- non-communicable disease death rates fall
stage 5? only a theory
rise of infectious diseases globally due to rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria
cliamte effect on disease distribution
lack of sunlight- vitamin D deficiency
temperature & precipitation- high for many vectors to survive (mosquitoes cant survive under 16 degrees c)
extreme events- flooding leads to conaminated water suopply- cholera
seasonality
