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GCSE Biology AQA > Disease > Flashcards

Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that spread easily.

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2
Q

What causes communicable diseases?

A

Pathogens entering the body.

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3
Q

What is a pathogen? Give the four types

A

A microorganism that causes disease. Virus, bacteria, protist, fungi.

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4
Q

How can pathogens spread?

A

WATER- for example cholera is spread by drinking water contaminated with diarrhoea
AIR- water droplets that produced when you cough or sneeze are carried through the air and then breathed in.
DIRECT CONTACT- some pathogens can be passed of through the contact of a contaminated surface, includiong skin

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5
Q

How can we reduce the spread of pathogens?

A

Being hygienic- eg. washing your hands regularly especially before preparing food and after you’ve sneezed.
Destroying vectors- eg. vectors that are insects can be killed using insecticides.
Isolation infected individuals- this prevents them from passing the communicable disease onto another person.
Vaccination- this means that they can’t develop the infection and then pass it on to someone else.

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6
Q

How do bacteria cells make you feel ill?

A

They produce toxins that damage your cells and tissues

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7
Q

How can we treat bacterial diseases? Why is there a problem with using this method?

A

Antibiotics. Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by mutating.

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8
Q

What is salmonella?

A

A type of bacteria that causes food poisoning.

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9
Q

How is salmonella caused?

A

By eating food that’s contaminated with the salmonella bacteria. In the UK most poultry is given a vaccination to prevent Salmonella and control the spread of this disease.

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever
Stomach cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

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11
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

A sexually transmitted disease

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12
Q

How is gonorrhoea caused?

A

By bacteria and spread by sexual contact eg. having unprotected sex

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13
Q

What are the symptoms or gonorrhoea?

A

Pain when urinating

Thick yellow or green discharge from the penis or vagina

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14
Q

How to viruses make you feel ill?

A

They enter body cells, reproduce rapidly and cause the cell to burst.

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15
Q

Why can’t antibiotics be used to treat viral infections?

A

Antibiotics kill bacteria but cannot kill the virus without killing the body cell.

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16
Q

What is measles?

A

A viral disease

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17
Q

How is measles caused?

A

It is spread by droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Fever

Red skin rash

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19
Q

What is HIV?

A

A virus spread by sexual contact

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20
Q

How is HIV caused?

A

The exchange of bodily fluidssuch as blood. It happens when people share needles when taking drugs.

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

Initially, flu-like.

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22
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

A virus that affects many species of plants e.g. tomatoes

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of TMV?

A

A mosaic pattern on the leaves

Parts of leaves become discoloured

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24
Q

Give an example of a fungal disease in plants

A

Rose black spot

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

A

Purple or black spots on the leaves or rose plants. The leaves then turn yellow and drop off.

26
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

Through the enviroment in water or by wind

27
Q

Give an example of a human fungal disease

A

Athletes foot

28
Q

How is athletes foot spread?

A

Touching the same things as an infected person eg. shower floors or towels

29
Q

What are the symptoms of athletes foot?

A

itchy, flakey skin

30
Q

Name a disease caused by a protist

A

Malaria

31
Q

Describe how a person gets malaria

A

Mosquitos pick up the disease when they feed off of infected animals. The mosquito is then a vector. Every time the mosquito feeds of an animal after that, it infects them with malaria by inserting it into its blood vessels.

32
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Repeating episodes of fever.

33
Q

How can the spread of malaria be reduced?

A

Stopping mosquitos from breeding

Using insecticides and mosquito nets

34
Q

What features do we have to stop pathogens from entering our body?

A

Skin- acts as a barrier
Hairs and mucus in your nose- trap particles that could contain pathogens
The trachea and bronchi secrete mucus- trap pathogens
The trachea and bronchi have cilia- they waft the the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.
Stomach produces hydrochloric acid- kill pathogens that make it that far

35
Q

Describe how the process of phagocytosis destroys pathogens

A

White blood cells engulf foreign cells and digest them

36
Q

Describe how producing antibodies destroys pathogens

A

Every pathogen has a specific molecule on its surface (called antigens). When foreign cells are detected, some white blood cells will produce antibodies to lock onto the pathogen. The antibody produced is specific to the antigen so will not lock onto any others.

37
Q

Describe how producing antitoxins destroys pathogens

A

They counteract the toxins produced by the invading bacteria

38
Q

What do vaccines contain?

A

A dead or inactive pathogen. These contain antigens which causes the body to produce antibodiesto attack them even though the pathogen is harmless.

39
Q

Which diseases does the MMR vaccine protect against?

A

Measles, mumps and rubella.

40
Q

What are the advantages of vaccination?

A

They have helped to control lots of communicable diseases which were once very common in the UK. Also, smallpox has been completely eradicated thanks to vaccines.
Epidemics can be prevented if a large percentage of the population are vaccinated.

41
Q

What are the disadvantages of vaccines?

A

They don’t always work.

Sometimes people can have bad reactions to them.

42
Q

Give an example of a drug that relieves symptoms

A

Aspirin

43
Q

Where are most of our drugs from? Give examples

A

Plants. Aspirin and Digitalis

44
Q

What is the use of antibiotics?

A

Kill bacteria in the body

45
Q

what is the use of Statins?

A

They are drugs that reduce cholesterol in the blood, slowing down the rate of fatty deposits forming.

46
Q

what is the use of painkillers?

A

Reduce pain or symptoms

47
Q

How are new drugs tested/developed?

A

1- tested on human cells and tissues in a lab
2- testing on live animals; this is to test efficancy, toxicity and find the best dosage
3- tested on human volunteers in clinical trials.

48
Q

What is ‘health’?

A

the state of physical and mental wellbeing

49
Q

Factors afftecting health…

A

1- diet
2- stress level
3- life situation e.g. having access to medical supplies/help

50
Q

What does the term non-communicable mean?

A

Diseases that cannot be passed on. Generally caused by cell mutations.

51
Q

What is a risk factor? Give examples and state what disease is directly linked to it.

A

Risk factors are factors that are able to directly cause a disease. Eg. smoking is a risk factor that can directly cause cardiovascular disease, lung disease and lung cancer. Obesity is a risk factor that can directly cause type 2 diabetes.

52
Q

What is cancer?

A

The uncontrolled growth and division of cells that results in a tumor.

53
Q

What are the 2 types of tumors and how are they different?

A

Benign and malignant.
Benign grow until there’s no room left and the tumor stays in one place. Usually this isnt dangerous and the tumor isn’t cancerous.
Malignant grow and spread to neighbouring tissues. The tumor can break cells off which travel through the bloodstream to other healthy tissues and invade them to form secondary tumors. These are dangerous and can be fatal- they are cancers.

54
Q

Give 4 examples of risk factors for cancer and state what type they are associated with.

A

Smoking- lung cancer
Too much exposure to UV rays- skin cancer
Obesity- liver and bowel cancer
Viral infection- hepatitis B and C can increase the risk of liver cancer

55
Q

Why are people more likely to survive cancer for than 20+ years ago?

A

Technology, funding and research has all improved over the past 20 years.

56
Q

How can cancer be treated?

A

Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy

57
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the heart get blocked by layers of built up fatty material.

58
Q

How can CHD be surgically treated?

A

With stents that keep arteries open

59
Q

How can CHD be treated with drugs?

A

Statins that reduce cholesterol in blood and reduce the build up of fatty deposits.

60
Q

What is a heart transplant?

A

When a faulty heart is replaced

61
Q

Why might someome have a heart transplant?

A

Because they have a faulty heart eg. the valves aren’t working correctly or they have a hole/leak.

62
Q

What could a patience recieve if a heart transplant doner was unavailable?

A

An artificial heart

GCSE Biology AQA (9 decks)

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