Cell biology Flashcards
Name 5 subcellular structures that both plant and animal cells have.
Nucleus Cell membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes Cytoplasm
What three things do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Vacuole
Where is genetic information stored in an animal cell?
Nucleus
Where is genetic information stored in a bacteria cell?
In the single cellular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm
What is a prokaryotic cell? Give an example.
Small, simple cells e.g. bacteria
What is a eukaryotic cell? Give an example.
Larger, complex cells e.g. animal and plant cells
What gives higher resolution - a light microscope or an electron microscope?
Electron microscope
What is cell differentiation?
When a stem cell develops into a specialised cell
Give three ways that a sperm cell is adapted for swimming to an egg cell.
Streamline head
Tail
Contains a lot of mitochondria for energy
What are chromosomes?
Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules that contain genetic information
What is the cell cycle?
The process where cells divide It makes new cells for growth, development and repair
How can embryonic stem cells could be used to cure disease.
Embryonic stem cells can turn into any type of cell, unlike stem cells found in bone marrow. This means that the embryonic stem cells can be used to make clones of specialised cells.
Why might people oppose the use of embryonic stem cells?
For ethical reasons.
What is diffusion?
The change from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Name three substances that can diffuse through cell membranes.
Amino acids
Water
Oxygen
Glucose
Name two substances that cannot diffuse through cell membranes.
Protein
Starch
What type of molecules move by osmosis?
Water
What is active transport?
The change of an area of low concentration to high concentration.
What is the function of a cell wall?
Provides structure, strength and support.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Controls substances in and out of the cell
What is the photosynthesis word equation?
Carbon dioxide + water > glucose + oxygen
What is transpiration?
The loss of water in a plant.
What is the function of the upper epidermis?
It is transparent to let light to pass through to the palisade layer
Where is bile produced and what is its function?
It is produced in the liver and it neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats.
What is the function of cytoplasm?
Most chemical reactions take place here. It is controlled by enzymes
What is the function of the lower epidermis?
It has stomata controlled by guard cells; efficient gas exchange
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis takes place here