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ZZZ AS level: Biology > Disease > Flashcards

Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

what types of diseases are there?

A
  • mental
  • social
  • physical
  • self-inflicted
  • degenerative
  • genetic
  • infectious
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2
Q

what is health?

A

the state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing

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3
Q

what does a person need in order to sustain a healthy lifestyle?

A
  • diet
  • exercise
  • shelter
  • sleep
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4
Q

what is epidemiology?

A

study of patterns, causes and effects of health and disease in defined population

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5
Q

what is a epidemic?

A

when a disease suddenly spreads rapidly to affect many people in a country

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6
Q

what is a pandemic?

A

when a disease suddenly spreads rapidly to affect many countries and is worldwide

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7
Q

what is an endemic?

A

when a disease is always present in the population

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8
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

a micro-organism that causes disease

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9
Q

give four examples of pathogens

A
  • bacteria
  • virus
  • fungi
  • protozoa
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10
Q

what is a parasite?

A

an organism that lives and feeds off a living host

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11
Q

give two examples of pathogens

A
  • dust mites

- headlice

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12
Q

what are the four main portals of pathogen entry?

A
  • GI tract
  • respiratory tract
  • urinogenital openings
  • breaks in surface of skin
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13
Q

how do pathogens enter via GI tract?

A

food can be contaminated by micro-organisms however when reach stomach, they are destroyed

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14
Q

how do pathogens enter via respiratory tract?

A
  • airborne viruses inhaled

- from expelled mucus from other people

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15
Q

how do pathogens enter via urinogenital openings?

A
  • STDs

- opportunist infections

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16
Q

how do pathogens enter via breaks in surface of skin?

A
  • go into blood directly

- some have adaptive features to penetrate skin’s surface

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17
Q

name three main ways of transmission of disease

A
  • contact
  • vehicle
  • vector
18
Q

what are four types of contact transmission of disease?

A
  • airborne: coughs/sneeze
  • sexual
  • indirect: eating utensils
  • direct: chicken pox
19
Q

name three types of vehicle transmission of disease

A
  • food
  • waterborne
  • blood
20
Q

what is vector transmission?

A

an intermediate host may transmit the pathogen to its primary host

21
Q

name three examples of vector transmission of disease

A

ANTHROPOD BORNE

  • malaria (mosquito)
  • bubonic plague (fleas)
  • rabies (foxes)
22
Q

what type of disease is tuberculosis?

A

vehicle-borne

23
Q

what is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

A

mycobacteria tuberculosis

24
Q

how is TB spread?

A
  • from person to person through air
  • when infected person coughs, droplets are propelled in air
  • moisture evaporates from particles to leave droplet nuclei that remain airborne and travels long distances
25
Q

how does the mycobacteria survive in air?

A
  • has a waxy coat to protect it from drying out
26
Q

what are the risk factors of TB?

A
  • malnutrition
  • weakened immune system
  • sleeping in crowded conditions
27
Q

what effects on the body does TB have?

A
  • severe tissue damage in lungs
  • weight loss
  • night sweats
  • cough/ blood-stained mucus
28
Q

how are cells quickly affected by TB?

A
  • when in body, bacteria engulfs mycobacteria but it remains undamaged
  • as white blood cells divide, bacteria is released which is engulfed
  • this starts a chain reaction of cells affected
29
Q

what is incidence?

A

the number of people who are diagnosed with a certain disease

30
Q

what is prevalence?

A

the number of people who have a certain disease

31
Q

how is TB treated?

A

with antibiotics

32
Q

how has incidence of TB improved?

A
  • improvements in housing
  • improvements in sanitation
  • use of antibiotics
33
Q

what are the two way in which antibiotics work?

A
  • bacteriostatic

- bactericidal

34
Q

what is the effect of bacteriostatic antibiotics?

A

prevent cells from multiplying so that bacterial population remains static allowing host’s defence mechanisms to fight infection

35
Q

what is the effect of bactericidal antibiotics?

A

kill bacteria

36
Q

what are the four main targets of antibiotics?

A
  • cell wall (murein) and membrane
  • flagella (affects movement
  • plasmid (DNA replication-prevents reproduction)
  • protein synthesis
  • also inhibit enzyme activity
37
Q

who discovered the first antibiotic:?

A

alexander fleming - 1928 - penicillin

38
Q

what type of antimicrobial drug is pencillin?

A

narrow-spectrum

39
Q

name two types of broad-spectrum drugs

A
  • streptomycin

- tetracyclin

40
Q

what are advantages/disadvantages of using a broad-spectrum drug?

A
  • affect a large number of bacteria - helpful when exact bacteria is unknown to save time
  • however, can also affect host cells other microflora
  • lead to antibiotic resistant drugs

ZZZ AS level: Biology (21 decks)

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