Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biology > disease > Flashcards

disease Flashcards

1
Q

define health

A

free from disease

physical & mental & social well being

good nutrition

suitably housed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define disease

A

condition that impairs normal functioning of the body

departure from good health caused by malfunction of mind or body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define pathogen

A

organism that causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define parasite

A

organism that lives on another organism and causes harm to host organism

lives on host for:
- nutrition
- means of transmission
- warmth
- protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define symptoms

A

caused by the damage done to cells by pathogens or the toxins they produce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

give a synopsis of tuberculosis (TB)

A

BACTERIA

pathogen - myobacterium tuberculosis

effects- destroys lung tissue and suppresses the immune system

cure - vaccine
6 month course of antibiotics
BUT antibiotic resistant strains emerged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

give a synopsis of bacterial meningitsis

A

BACTERIA

pathogen - strepcoccus pneumoniae

symptoms - fever with cold feet and hands
confusion and irritability
severe muscle pain
distinctive rash
sensitivity to light

cure - vaccine and intravenous antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

give a synopsis of ring rot

A

BACTERIA

pathogen - clavibacter michiganesis

effects- damage leaves, tubers & fruits
destroy 80% of crop

cure - none
wait 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

give a synopsis of HIV/AIDS

A

VIRUS

effects- destroys T helper cells, gradually destroying immune system leaving patient vulnerable to infection

treatment - NO CURE
antiretroviral therapy (ART)- combination of HIV medicines which control the infection

prevention - sex education, screening for blood, test for HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

give a synopsis of influenza

A

VIRUS

pathogen - orthomyoxoviridae spp.

effects - infects ciliated epithelial cells and kills them leaving airways open for secondary infection

cure - NONE
but controlled by a vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

give a synopsis of tobacco mosaic virus

A

VIRUS

affects - tobacco plants (tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, petunia, delphinius

effects - damaged leaves, flowers and fruit
stunted growth and reduces yield

cure - NONE
but resistant strains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

give a synopsis of black sigatoka

A

FUNGUS

pathogen - mycosphaerekka fijiensis

effects - destroys leaves ,, hyphae penetrates and digests cells

prevention - resistant strains and fungicides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

give a synopsis of ring worm

A

FUNGUS

effects - causes grey-white, crusy infectious circular areas of the skin
doesn’t cause much damage but is itchy

cure - antifungal cream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

give a synopsis of fungal foot

A

FUNGUS

pathogen - tinia pedia

effects - grows on and digests moist skin between toes
causing crackling and scaling which is itchy and sore

cure - antifungal cream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how are pathogens and parasites spread

A

food and water

insect bites

airborne droplets

indirect contact

direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define transmission

A

the means by which communicable diseases are spread from one organism to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

give examples of direct transmission

A

direct contact (kissing)

inoculation (break in the skin)

ingestion (eating contaminated food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

give example of indirect transmission

A

fomites (inanimate objects)

droplet infection

vectors

spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does povert affect transmission of disease

A

less primary health care

malnutrition leads to weakened immune system (can’t make antibodies)

poor hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how do social factors affect transmission of disease

A

sexual attitudes

availability of condoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do living conditions affect transmission of disease

A

crowding increases the spread of droplet infection to multiple people in a small zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

define epidemiology and explain how it helps people for health

A

identifies the cause(s) of a disease and determines and predicts its spread

provides help where it is needed most including vaccination programmes

23
Q

name 6 non-specific defenses

A

skin

expulsive reflexes

blood clotting

wound repair

mucous membranes
(ciliated epithelium)

inflammation

24
Q

define an antigen

A

molecule on the surface of an organism which is recognised by an antibody

25
what are phagocytes
non-specific that attack any invading pathogen regardless of its antigens
26
what do macrophages do?
antigen presentation partially digest pathogens and expose their antigens on their c.s.membrane to initiate the immune response
27
what do cytokines do?
released by macrophages and signal to phagocytes to the site of infection (cytotaxis) have a specific shape to bind to receptors on c.s membrane of target cells responsible for fevers
28
what do opsonins do?
proteins that bind to pathogens making them easier to be recognised by phagocytes
29
what are the differences between macrophages and neutrophils
neutros make a significant proportion of WBC neutros have a multi-lobed nucleus macrophages have spherical nucleus neutrophils completely digest the pathogen and die macrophages partially digest pathogen
30
describe inflammation
localised response characterised by redness, swelling, heat and pain
31
describe how the skin defends the organism from a pathogen
keratinised layer of deal skin cells acts as a physical barrier sweat is antimicrobial (lowers pH)
32
how does blood clotting occur
platelets come in contact with collagen
33
why is clotting important
platelets release substances via a cascade, forms fibrin which forms a network trapping platelets and forms a scab which prevents the pathogens from entering through a cut
34
describe the 'cascade' to form a blood clot
thromboplastin (& cofactor Ca2+) and prothrombin form thrombin thrombin causes the fibronogen to form fibrin which forms a clot
35
what happens under a scab
epidermal skin cells divide by mitosis damaged blood vessels regrow when new epidermis reaches normal thickness, scab sloughs off
36
describe inflammation
histamine released by mast cells and cause arterioles to dilate makes the blood vessels leaky cytokines attract WBC
37
describe a fever
cytokines signal to the hypothalamus to raise the set point body’s thermoregulatory set point is raised above normal body temperature
38
describe the stages of the humoral response
antigen presentation B cell with correct antibody is selected for cloning (clonal selection) Clonal expansion by mitosis differentiation of the B cells into: - B-memory cell - plasma cell
39
describe the stages of the cellular response
antigen presentation T cell with correct antibody is selected (clonal selection) then this cell divides by mitosis (clonal expansion) then differentiates to form: - T-memory cells - T-killer - T-helper
40
describe the structure and function of T-helper cells
have CD4 receptors which bind to the surface antigens of APCs produce interleukins which: - stimulates macrophages - stimulates the production of other T-cell - stimulates the activity of B cells to increase antibody production
41
describe the function of T-killer cells
destroys pathogen with specific complimentary antigen produces perforin which kills the pathogen by making holes in the c.s.m to make the membrane permeable
42
describe the function of T-memory cells
remain in body for long term immunity recognises the same antigen from pathogen entering body causing a secondary response divides and differentiates into plasma cells which produce antibodies at a quicker rate
43
describe the function of T-regulatory cells
suppress immune response once the pathogen is eliminated makes the body recognise self-antigens
44
describe the function of plasma cells
have a short lifespan produce antibodies to particular antigen produces 2000 antibodies per second while it is active
45
what is the difference between B cells and T cells
B cells mature in the bone marrow T cells mature in the thymus gland
46
what is cell-mediated response important against
viruses and early cancer
47
how does cell-mediated response occur
T cells respond to cells that have changed in some way
48
how does humoral response occur
body responds to antigens outside the cells ( >bacteria >fungi) produces antibodies soluble in blood and tissue fluid and aren't attached to cells
49
how are APCs formed
a B cell with a complementary antibody binds to a pathogen's antigen, engulf the pathogen and process it to become an APC
50
what are examples of physical barriers in plant defence
bark cellulose cell wall waxy cuticle of leaves
51
how do plants deal with diseased areas
seal it off and sacrifice it get replaced by meristems
52
how does callose provide a physical defense against pathogens in plants
contains beta-1,3 and 1,6 linkages between monomers callose is deposited between cell walls and the cell membrane in cells next to infected cells callose papillae act as barriers prevents pathogen entering the plant cells around the site of infection callose blocks sieve plates and plasmodesmata to prevent spread of pathogens
53
describe the effect of chemical defences on pathogens in plants
chemicals repel the vectors of disease or kill invading pathogens
54
give example of chemicals produced by plants for defence against pathogens
insect repellent insecticides antibacterial compounds antifungal compounds ( >chitinase) anti-oomyctes (>glucanases) general toxins

biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions