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biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define biodiversity

A

refers to variety and complexity of life

indicator in study of habitats

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2
Q

define biodiversity hotspots

A

regions of that world that have a high biodiversity threatened by loss of biodiversity

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3
Q

what are the reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

ecological

economical

aesthetical

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4
Q

what levels are biodiversity considered at

A

genetic

species

habitats

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5
Q

what does every organism in an ecosystem have

A

niche

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5
Q

define ecology

A

study of interactions between organisms

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6
Q

give 4 examples of habitat biodiversity

A

woodlands

meadow

streams

sand dunes

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7
Q

define community

A

population of all species in a habitat

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8
Q

define population

A

number of organisms of each species

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9
Q

how are species biodiversity measured by

A

species richness – number of species in an area

species evenness – how are the species distributed
low evenness indicates a dominance by one species

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10
Q

what does habitat biodiversity refer to

A

number of different habitats found within an area

therefore, greater species biod. too

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11
Q

what does species biodiversity refer to

A

richness and evenness

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12
Q

what does genetic biodiversity refer to

A

variety of genes that make up a species

different alleles exist for a gene which leads to genetic biodiversity

higher genetic biod. allows a better adaptations to a changing environment

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13
Q

define succession

A

process by which ecosystems change over time

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14
Q

how does succession occur

A

changes to the environment causing plant and animal species present to change

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15
Q

define primary succession

A

occurs on area of land newly formed or exposed (bare rock)

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16
Q

define secondary succession

A

occurs on land where soil is present but contains no animal or plant species

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17
Q

give examples of primary succession

A

volcano erupt

sand blown by wind

silt and mud

glaciers retreating

18
Q

describe the role of a pioneer species

A

arrive as spores/seeds carried by wind that colonise the bare (rock) environment

19
Q

give an example of a pioneer

A

lichen

stable symbiotic organism of fungi and algi

20
Q

what are the adaptations of pioneers

A

produce large quantities of seeds or spores

seeds that germinate rapidly

phototrophic

tolerant to extreme environments

fix nitrogen from the atmosphere
(adding the mineral content of the soil)

21
Q

what is humus

A

result of pioneers dying and decaying

their organic products release into the soil

22
Q

give an example of a secondary coloniser

A

moss

23
Q

give an example of a tertiary coloniser

A

plants (fern)

24
Q

what happens as you go through each seral stage

A

rock continues to be eroded and the mass of organic matter increases

25
Q

what happens to the soil as time goes by

A

contribute to a deeper and nutrient-rich soil, which retains more water

makes abiotic conditions favourable for flowering plants, then trees when the soil is deep enough

26
Q

how do species succeed previous species in the intermediate community

A

different plant and animal spceis are better adapted to the current conditions in the ecosystem

these species outcompete species previously present

27
Q

what is the final seral stage called

A

climax community

stable state showing little change over time

28
Q

suggest why the climax community sometimes isn’t the most biodiverse

A

dominant species out-competing pioneer and other species, leading to their elimination

29
Q

describe the lichen

A

xerophyte

secretes acid which breaks down rock into soil

30
Q

define deflated succession

A

when succession is stopped artificially

the final stage is called plagioclimax

31
Q

give examples that cause deflated succession

A

grazing of vegetation

removing existing vegetation to plant crops

32
Q

why do we measure biodiversity

A

allows comparison between different areas and the same areas at different times

33
Q

what does a sample have to be

A

representative

not over estimate biodiversity

covers full range of species

34
Q

what does the sampling method depend on

A

accuracy

size of sample size

time of study and how long it’s been investigated

nature of organisms being sampled

35
Q

describe random sampling

A

where each individual in the population has an equal chance of selection

mark out a grid using tape measures laid out perpendicular to each other

use random coordinates and take a sample at each of the coordinates generated

may not cover all areas of a land equally

36
Q

describe opportunistic sampling

A

selecting individuals that are available

37
Q

describe stratified sampling

A

number of samples in an area are proportional to its size

followed by a random sample in the area

38
Q

describe systematic sampling

A

samples taken at fixed intervals

used when an area is varied or when to look at change (using a belt or line transect)

39
Q

what are some limitations to sampling

A
  • time of day
  • not identifying species correctly
  • not replicating
40
Q

how do we increase the reproducibility of a sample

A

use standard procedure

sample many times then calculate the mean

sample at different times/weather conditions`

41
Q

what qualitative technique can we use when using a line transect

A

ACFOR scale to measure species abundance

42
Q

what are some techniques to sample animals

A

sweep nets

pooters

tree beating

pitfall traps

biology (14 decks)

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