carbohydrates Flashcards
what type of carb is glucose?
hexose monosacchride
what are some useful properties of glucose?
soluble
allows glucose to dissolve in cytoplasm
polar
bonds with water to be transported around the body
what takes place in a condensation reaction?
2 glucose molecules
their hydroxyl groups interacts
causes bonds to break and new bonds reformed to produce a new molecule
water is produced
where is fructose found in
what are its properties compared to other sugars
what does it produce when combined with glucose?
fruit
sweetest compared to glucose , then galactose
sucrose
what does galactose + glucose form?
lactose
how is starch formed?
what are the uses of starch?
formed from amylose and amylopectin
chemical energy store (in plants)
glucose produced in photosynthesis stored as starch
how is amylose formed?
alpha-glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
how is a polysaccharide able to be compact?
angle of bonds means chain of glucose twists/coils
how is amylopectin formed?
formed from 1-4 glycosidic bonds between alpha-glucose
branches off in glycosidic bonds formed by condensation reactions between carbon 1 & carbon 6 on 2 glucose molecules
gives amylopectin a branched structure
what is the energy storage molecule for animals?
what are some of its properties that are useful?
glycogen
forms branches
lots of end points for quick release of glucose for aerobic respiration
compact
what are the properties important in amylopectin and amylose?
insoluble
branched
compact
C + H + O
carbohydrate
or lipid
C + H + O + N (+S)
protein
C + H + O + N + P
nucleic acids
describe the difference between an alpha and beta glucose
hydroxyl group on carbon 1 is in a different position
in alpha-glucose it is below the plane
in beta-glucose it is above the plane
describe the formation of a 1,4 glycosidic bond
bond formed between two glucose molecules
hydroxyl group on carbon 1 on one molecule and carbon 4 on the other molecule
interacts in a condensation reaction
removal of water molecule forms an ‘oxygen’ bridge
how is the structure of cellulose related to its function?
straight chain molecule
many hydrogen bonds between individual chains and staggered ends
grants strength to fibres
why does the polymerisation of beta glucose lead to cellulose instead of starch?
in beta glucose the hydroxyl group at carbon 1 is above the ring
alternate glucose molecules must rotate upside down
so the hydroxyl groups on carbon 1 and carbon 4 (on the alt molecule) are close enough to react
condensation reaction
forming a glycosidic bond
rotation of alternative molecules forms a straight chain molecule – cellulose