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Toxicology Final > DIs and Addiction > Flashcards

DIs and Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common sources of abused rx drugs?

A
  • got them from a friend/relative
  • bought from a friend/relative
  • prescriptions from ones doctor
    etc
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2
Q

What other medications are prescription rx users usually using?

A
  • marijuana
  • hallucinogens
  • cocaine
  • inhalants
  • heroin
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3
Q

Why do people use drugs?

A
  • to feel good (have novel feels, sensations, experiences)

- to feel better (lessen anxiety, worries, fears, depression, etc)

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4
Q

What is addiction?

A
  • a persistent, compulsive dependence on a behaviour or substance despite recurrence of negative consequences
  • a primary, chronic condition involving brain reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry
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5
Q

What portion of the brain is the threat assessment portion of the brain (also where emotional memory is stored)

A
  • amygdala
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6
Q

Drug memories are encoded _________

A

emotionally (therefore do not get overwritten)

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7
Q

What is the function of the dopamine pathways?

A
  • reward (motivation)
  • pleasure, euphoria
  • motor function (fine tuning)
  • compulsion
  • preservation
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8
Q

What is the function of the serotonin pathways?

A
  • mood
  • memory processing
  • sleep
  • cognition
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9
Q

What imbalance of NT is thought to be behind addiction?

A
  • over amplification of the DA system with a lack of 5HT is what causes addition (with a normal 5HT system, you do not get the same satiety response)
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10
Q

What factors might increase the risk of drug interactions?

A
  • dose of drugs taken
  • genetics (fast, poor metabolizers)
  • diet/nutritional status
  • reduced liver or kidney fx
  • increased age
  • polypharmacy
  • poly-substance abuse
  • co-morbidity (any health condition)
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11
Q

Describe an example of 2 drugs that have an additive effect in the body

A

alcohol and benzos- both act on the gaba receptors

- these have an additive effect on the receptor sites

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12
Q

Alcohol ______ its own metabolism

A

increases (the more you drink, the more you metabolize)

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13
Q

What effect does St. John’s Wort have on haloperidol?

A
  • decreases the effect of haloperidol
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14
Q

What is the drug interaction between amitriptyline and morphine?

A
  • increases morphine toxicity
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15
Q

What is the drug interaction between cimetidine and fluoxetine and benzos?

A
  • increases benzos effect
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16
Q

What is the DI associated with lithium and withdrawal from caffeine?

A
  • causes reduced excretion of lithium (increases lithium toxicity)
17
Q

What is the DI associated with antihistamines and alcohol?

A
  • increased sedation- you would not be able to drive
18
Q

What is one solid example of an antagonist with medication?

A
  • naloxone for opioids
19
Q

What is the drug interaction associated with meth and LSD?

A
  • high potential for 5HT syndrome
20
Q

What is the reaction between alcohol and cocaine?

A
  • creates a potent and long lasting metabolite (coca-ethylene, which enhances the effect of the drugs)
21
Q

What is the rxn between alcohol and tobacco?

A
  • increased risk of cancer
22
Q

What is the rxn between cannabis and cocaine?

A

-cannabis increases vasodilation, increasing absorption of cocaine

23
Q

What is the rxn between cannabis and alcohol?

A
  • alcohol may increase absorption of THC
24
Q

What is the reaction between cannabis and tobacco?

A

-additive lung damage if smoked

25
Q

What is the rxn between MDMA and cocaine?

A
  • cocaine inhibits enzymes that metabolize MDMA
26
Q

What is the rxn between MDMA and alcohol?

A
  • alcohol increases MDMA levels, increases risk of dehydration and OD
27
Q

What is the rxn between MDMA and tobacco?

A
  • additive stimulant effects
28
Q

What are some of the effects of ginkgo biloba?

A
  • may increase bleeding, including in brain
29
Q

What are some of the effects of St. John’s Wort?

A
  • interacts with many anti-depressants, esp the SSRI type
30
Q

What are some of the effects of ephedra?

A
  • interacts with other stimulants - additive/synergistic
31
Q

What are the effect of kava kava?

A
  • adds to the sedative effect of other drugs

- may have serious effects with parkinsons drugs or anti-psychotic medications

32
Q

What is part of the DA pathway

A
  • movement
  • pleasure
  • behaviour/reward
  • euphoria
  • in excess: hallucinations, delusions
  • stimulated by: amphetamine, cocaine
33
Q

What is part of the 5HT pathway

A
  • body temp
  • cognitive function
  • regulation of emotions
  • regulate appetite/satiety
  • sleep/wake cycle
  • sexual functioning
  • in excess - serotonin syndrome
  • triggered by: ecstasy, LSD
34
Q

What is part of the noradrenergic pathways?

A
  • fight, flight or freeze
  • state of readiness (increased bp, increased HR, blood diverted from skin to skeletal muscle, peripheral blood vessels contact (move blood to muscle)
  • stimulant street drugs: amphetamine, cocaine
35
Q

What is part of the GABA pathways?

A
  • major calming transmitter in the brain
  • decreased anxiety
  • relaxation
  • in excess: sedation-coma-death
  • ex: benzos, barbiturates, alcohol
36
Q

What are the opiate receptors?

A
  • mu and kappa receptors
37
Q

What are the effects of activation via the opiate receptors?

A
  • physical and psychological analgesia
  • euphoria
  • sleepy-relaxed-coma
  • triggers DA release
  • dependence
  • ex: heroin, morphine, opiates

Toxicology Final (14 decks)

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