Direct Contact Diseases Flashcards by Kimberly k

Staphylococcus aureus: Symptoms of Toxic Shock Syndrome

Fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, & death

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Staphylococcus aureus: How/When is TSS most commonly caused?

Typically initiated by staph infections after surgery

Exotoxin responsible for TSS symptoms
Superantigen
Released during cell growth
Recruits large numbers of T cells to site of infection
Cause a major inflammatory response that is fatal in 70% of cases

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Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus aureus

Capsule is antiphagocytic
Leukocidin
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin -1(type of toxin, what is it’s action)
Staphylokinase 
Coagulase 
Hyaluronidase

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Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Factor: Capsule

Capsule - Anti-phagocytic
- Adherence to foreign bodies

Protein A
Surface proteins; prevents opsonization
(detected in Staph agglutination test to diagnose infection)

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Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Factor: Leukocidin

destroys WBC and causes puss formation

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Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Factor: Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1

Superantigen
Released during cell growth
Recruits large numbers of T cells to site of infection

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Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Factor: Staphylokinase

dissolve blood clots to move further into host

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Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Factor: Coagulase

makes blood clots to hide from immune system

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Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Factor: Hyaluronidase

cleaves the hyaluronic acid polymer at the β-1,4 glycosidic bond

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What type of agar can differentiate pathogenic & non-pathogenic strains of S. aureus?

Mannitol Salt Agar

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Prevention strategies for S. aureus infections

Virtually impossible!
Identify healthcare workers who are carriers to limit HAI transmission
Practice good hygiene
Avoid contact with personal items of other
Keep wounds covered

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How are MRSA and other strains of S. aureus different?

Methicilin Resistant Staph

Failure to diagnose and treat in a timely fashion can lead to tissue damage

Same virulence factors as other Staphylococci strains, just resistant to most antibiotics used to treat infections

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Treponema pallidum causes what disease

Syphilis

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Treponema pallidum: Morphology

spirochete, corkscrew, fimbrae through middle

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Primary Syphilis Symptoms

Localized infection at site if entry
Lesion, chancre develops 2 days to 2 months later (key symptom) (potentially long incubation)
Can heal spontaneously

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Secondary Syphilis Symptoms

Develops from untreated primary syphilis

Cells spread from site if infection to mucous membranes of eyes, joints, bones, or central nervous system

Rash due to hypersensitivity reaction (key symptom), swollen lymph nodes, & fever

Tertiary Syphilis Symptoms

Development of gumma (soft tissue lesion) – (key symptom)

Mild infections of skin and bones

Serious infections of cardiovascular system or central nervous system - paralysis or neurological damage

Occurs many years after primary infection

Complications of gonorrhea

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - women

Inflammation & scarring of uterus and fallopian tubes
Increased risk of ectopic pregnancies & other complications

How to diagnose gonorrhea

Presence if gram-negative diplococci is diagnostic

Can gonorrhea cause congenital disease?

Perinatal gonorrhea

infection of the eye (neonatal conjunctivitis)
Scaring of cornea resulting in blindness
Occurs 2-5 days after birth

Prophylactic treatment of newborns with gonorrhea

application of antibiotic (erythromycin) gel to eyes of babies at birth

Prophylactic treatment of newborns with chlamydia

Newborns could get eye infections or pneumonia

- treated with antibiotics

Clostridium difficile: How does infection/disease occur?

overwhelms norma flora

Clostridium difficile: Why is a fecal transplant an effective treatment?

inserting healthy feces will help infected feces turn healthy

Clostridium difficile: Why is it easily spread in hospital settings?

Patients are susceptible to disease No properly cleaning between patients Endospores can live for up to 5 months!

HIV/AIDS: How does the virus enter a cell?

Integrase - puts genome into host chromosome Initially infects and replicates inside macrophages CD4 & CCR5 forms docking site - HIV envelope fuses with host cytoplasmic membrane - required for viral nucleocapsid to be inserted into the cell

HIV/AIDS: What cell type is most affected?

- HIV virions released from macrophages infect & replicate Th cells - Th cells that produce HIV no longer divide and numbers eventually diminish

Good prognosis for a patient with HIV?

Low numbers of HIV virions & high numbers of CD4+ cells

Dormant HIV

Infection does not progress immediately to killing immune cells HIV exists as a provirus in the host chromosome HIV genome replicates as host cell DNA replicates Cell will show now outward sign of infection HIV can remain dormant for long periods Eventually full replication will resume producing virions that are released from the cell capable of infecting new cells

When do opportunistic infections develop in someone with active HIV/AIDS?

When CD4 cells are gone

What are the symptoms of acute hepatitis?

Jaundice dark urine fever fatigue

What are the symptoms of chronic hepatitis?

i. Can take decades to develop ii. Cirrhosis - Build up of scar tissue on liver iii. Liver failure, liver tissue dying iv. Fluid in abdomen, weight loss, bleeding and bruising easily

What type of Hepatitis has vaccines?

``` Hep A - Yes HepB - Yes Hep C - No Hep D - Hep B Vaccination Hep E - NO ```

What does hepatitis mean?

inflammation of the liver

Does every strain of HPV cause cancer?

What do non-cancerous strains of HPV cause?

genital warts

For what age ranges and genders is the vaccine for HPV recommended?

i. Preteen boys and girls to start around age 11-12. ii. Series of 3 shots given before the age of 26 for women, 21 for men iii. Must be given within a 6 month period