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Airborne Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes (Virulence Factors)

A

M Protein
Exotoxins
Streptolysin S & O

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2
Q

Exotoxins (Streptococcus pyogenes)

A
  • responsible for fever and symptoms of Toxic Shock Syndrome and Scarlet Fever
  • certain strains carry a lysogenic bacteriophage that encodes streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins
  • these exotoxins act as superantigens
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3
Q

M Protein (Streptococcus pyogenes)

A

cross reactive antibodies cause Rheumatic Fever

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4
Q

Streptolysin S & O (Streptococcus pyogenes)

A

Cytolytic enzyme: lyse white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

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5
Q

Streptokinase (Streptococcus pyogenes)

A

Cytolytic enzyme: lyse blood clots to facilitate spread of S. pyogenes in tissues

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6
Q

Symptoms: Rheumatic Fever

A

Symptoms: inflammation of heart, joints, blood vessels, & subcutaneous tissues causing irregular heart rhythms & joint pain

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7
Q

Rheumatic Fever: Secondary disease to what bacteria?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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8
Q

Causes: Rheumatic Fever

A

Cause: S.pyogenes strains with cell surfaces antigens (M Protein) similar to heart valve and joint proteins

Antibodies directed at streptococcal antigens cross-react with the patients heart valve & joint proteins
Similar to autoimmune disease

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9
Q

Capsule (Streptococcus pyogenes Virulence factor)

A

Anti-phagocytic
Allows survival on surfaces
Made of hyaluronic acid

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10
Q

Virulence Factor: Rheumatic Fever

A

M Protein

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11
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae diagnosis

A
  • Culture of Bacteria

- detection of G+ diplococci in sputnum

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12
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae - Role of capsule in virulence/pathogenesis

A

Capsule

  • Determines different strains
  • Increases invasiveness
  • Prevents mucus entrapment
  • Prevents certain types of phagocytosis
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13
Q

Bordetella pertussis: What stage is one most contagious?

A

Stage 1 - Catarrhal Stage - may last 1-2 weeks. low grade fever, mild, occasional cough

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14
Q

Bordetella pertussis: What is happening during coughing fits?

A
  • a massive build up of mucus & white blood cells in the lungs.
  • This blocks the airways preventing the patient from breathing.
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15
Q

Bordetella pertussis: In what age group is disease most severe?

A

Infants less than a year

  • Lack of immunity
  • Severe disease; almost always requires hospitalization
  • Can be fatal
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16
Q

Bordetella pertussis: Why is the pertussis vaccine recommended for pregnant mothers in every pregnancy?

A
  • Pregnant women: every pregnancy in third trimester
  • Maternal antibodies are passed to fetus
  • Antibodies are protective for roughly first 2 months of life
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17
Q

Bordetella pertussis: Pathogenesis

A

Fimbriae - allow attachment to ciliated respiratory epithelial cells

Toxins - allow the bacteria to hide from the immune system & cause damage to lung tissue.

Damage to Lung Tissue - present on lungs of recovered patients several weeks after the cough & bacteria have been cleared making the patient susceptible to secondary bacterial or viral infections

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18
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: What is mycolic acid

A

what the cell wall is made up of. The M. tuberculosis is very lipid rich made up of mycolic acid.

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19
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Where is mycolic acid found

A

in the cell wall

20
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: What does mycolic acid make M. tuberculosis resistant to?

A

disinfectants and lab gram staining so acid fast stain is used instead. It is acid fast positive

21
Q

In what type of cell does M. tuberculosis replicate?

A

macrophages

22
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: What are granulomas and how are they formed?

A

2) Inside macrophage bacteria inhibit phagocytic killing by: preventing phagolysosome formation or resisting killing by toxic oxygen
3) Bacteria attract more macrophages to area of infection that fuse to form multinucleated giant cells
4) In addition, the host attempts to “fight” infection by sending more macrophages & immune cells to the site of infection.

23
Q

granuloma

A

granuloma = compact & organized aggregate of immune cells attempting to limit spread of infection

24
Q

What is latent/dormant TB?

A

Ganulomas can become encased in scar tissue & become necrotic & caseous preventing immune cells from killing all of the bacteria, so viable bacteria can remain in the granuloma for months to years

25
Who will test positive with a TB skin test?
Active TB, asymptomatic TB, latent TB & individuals who’ve received the BCG vaccine ALL test POSITIVE Can NOT determine stage of infection Identifies response to pathogen-specific inflammatory Th1 cells = delayed type hypersensitivity (test read @ 48hrs)
26
Is treatment of TB short-term or long-term? Why?
Intensive phase: isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, & pyrazinamide daily for up to 2 months Continuation phase: Isoniazid & rifampin 2 to 5 times a week for 4.5 months Purpose: to prevent reactivation of latent TB
27
What is the definition of meningitis?
Inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that are the protective covering of the central nervous system (brain & spinal cord) Attaches to cells of nasopharynx & gains access to the bloodstream causing widespread bacteremia and upper respiratory tract symptoms
28
Meningitis: Symptoms
Sudden onset of headache, fever, & stiff neck can progress to comma & death Nausea, vomiting, photophobia, confusion Meningococcemia (occurs in 10% of cases) – N. meningitides bacteremia,
29
Meningitis: Diagnosis
Gram-negative diplococci in cerebral spina fluid is diagnostic
30
Meningitis: Who is at risk?
Often occurs in epidemics in populations living in close proximity Military barracks College dorms ``` Incidence is much higher in: Infants School-aged children Young adults Sub-Saharan Africa: meningitis belt ```
31
Meningitis: Role of Opa proteins and capsule in virulence and infection
Outer membrane proteins - Antigenic variation - change sequence & structure to hide from immune system - Adhesion and invasion of host cells Capsule Prevents phagocytosis
32
What family of viruses causes almost all colds?
Rhinovirus
33
Symptoms: cold vs flu
Rhinitis – inflammation of the nasal region Nasal obstruction Water nasal discharge Muscle aches General feeling of malaise, usually without fever
34
How is each strain in the Influenza Virus identified?
Each strain is identified by a unique set of surface glycoproteins - Hemagglutinin (H) - Neuraminidase (N) Each virus has one type of hemagglutinin and one type of neuraminidase on its virus capsid The virus is named for the antigens it contains Example: H1N1
35
Hemagglutinin (HA)
HA; H antigen | Attachment to host cells
36
Neuraminidase (NA)
NA; N antigen | Release from host cells
37
Purpose of HA and NA?
Antibodies can recognize & bind HA or NA; stopping infection
38
Antigenic drift
- Minor changes in influenza virus antigens due to gene mutation - Result: host immunity to a given virus strain diminishes & reinfection with the mutated strain can occur - Reason last year’s flu vaccine does not work the next year
39
Reassortment (Influenza)
- Mixing of gene segments between different strains of influenza - Occurs when more than one strain infect the same host - reassortment of human and bird virus inside a pig forms a highly virulent reassortment virus
40
Antigenic Shift
brought on by Reassortment - Major change in a surface antigen - Results from total replacement of the RNA that encoded that particular surface antigen - responsible for pandemics
41
Koplik's Spots
Measles - White dots inside mouth that are an early sign of infection - Rash occurs 3-5 days after spots - Easiest way to diagnose the infection
42
Symptoms of Measles
``` high fever, cough, runny nose (coryza), and red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis). Red rash shows up 2-5 days after infection ```
43
Parotitis (mumps)
- Parotid gland inflammation. This inflammation can lead to parotitis - The only know virus to cause parotitis epidemic - Virus replicates in these glands
44
Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)
``` condition that occurs in developing babies of an infected mother. can cause: Deafness Cataracts Heart defects Intellectual disabilities Liver and spleen damage Low birth weight Skin rash at birth ``` NO CURE!
45
Lytic form of Varicella Zoster virus causes what disease?
Chicken Pox
46
What type of cell does the Varicella Zoster virus go latent in?
human ganglia
47
What disease does the reactivation of Varicella Zoster virus create?
Shingles

Microbiology (7 decks)

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