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Bacteriology 2 > Dimorphic fungi > Flashcards

Dimorphic fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Forms of dimorphic fungi

A
  1. Mycelial (mold)
    -biocontainment level 3
  2. Yeast form
    -biocontainment level 2
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2
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Sporothric schenckii

A

-thermally dimorphic
*mycelial phase = 25-30 C
*yeast = 37 C

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3
Q

Coccidioides sp characteristics

A

-no true yeast from in a lab

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4
Q

Coccidioides immitis

A

-barrel shaped arthroconidia and hyphal structures

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5
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum appearance

A

-tuberculate macroconidia and small microconidia

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6
Q

Sporothrix schenckii appearance

A

-floral distribution

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7
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis environment

A

-acidic soil
-near water and creek beds
-infection in animals and people when exposed to soils recently excavated

-common around northern great lakes, Winnipeg, Swift current and Regina. Also africa

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8
Q

Coccioioides immitis

A

-soil of low elevation deserts

-South western USA (Arizona, colorado, New Mexico)
**be aware of snowbirds bringing infections to Canada
**might be shifting with climate change

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9
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum environment

A

-nitrogenous soils
-associated with bat/bird feces

-along north shore of St. Lawrence
-along Mississippi river valleys (East USA)

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10
Q

Sporithric schenckii environment

A

-old wood, rose throns, moss

-Mexico,
-South Texas, New mexico, Arizona

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11
Q

Sporothrix braziliensis environment

A

-cat scratches

-Commonly in Brazil

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12
Q

Blastomyces virulence factor/exposure

A

-Mycelial phase with spores (streams, acidic soils) are inhaled
-Makes way to lung and when warm becomes yeast phase= respiratory tract infections

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13
Q

Coccidioides virulence factor/exposure

A

-Arthroconidia picked up by wind and inhaled
**strong winds followed by periods of rain
-Inhaled and become thick walled spherules which fill with endospores

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14
Q

Histoplasma virulence factor/exposure

A

-Mycelial phase with spores inhaled
-Fungi converts to yeast form
-Travel to lymph nodes and then disseminates throughout body

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15
Q

Sporothrix sp virulence factor/exposure

A

-Live in the environment
-Exposure related to contact with plants (roses, moss, hay and dry wood)
-infection through puncture wounds

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16
Q

Clinical signs of Blastomyces dermatitidis

A
  1. Resp signs
    -lung lesions= nodular or diffuse
  2. Ocular signs
    -uveitis
  3. Skin lesions
    -20-50% of affected animals
  4. Anorexia, weight loss, lameness
17
Q

Who does blastomyces dermatitidis most commonly infect?

A

-young large breed dogs
-sporting breeds and hounds
-proximity to waterways and exposure to excavation
-dogs 10x more susceptible than people

18
Q

Progression of Blastomyces dermatitidis

A

-low grade signs for days to weeks to mths
-acute progression and animal worsens

-previous antibiotics= unresponsive fever to antibiotics

19
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis in people

A

-Resp infection (dry cough, fever, weight loss)
-Bone is common site of extra-pulmonary involvement

**State of Mississippi is most highly endemic region

20
Q

Coccidioides spp disease

A

-Known as Valley Fever
*C. immitis or C. posadasil depending on location

-subclinical infections common

21
Q

Clinical signs of coccidioides spp

A

-lameness most common in dogs
-respiratory signs
-chronic illness
-lymphadenopathy
-non-healing cutaneous lesions

22
Q

Situations in which Coccidioides commonly occurs

A

-Heavy rainfall ( or dust storms after rainfall)
*arthroconidia are small and picked up by wind

-animals with potential exposure in last 3 YEARS= Travel history

23
Q

Treatment of coccidioides sp

A

-Amphotericin B
-Fluconazole
-Itraconazole

24
Q

Coccidioidomycosis in Cats

A

-often as skin lesions
-inappetence and weight loss, anorexia
-sometimes resp signs, lameness, fever

25
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum clinical signs

A

-Depression, weight loss, fever most common

-diarrhea (from histoplasma enteritis= large bowel diarrhea w/ mucous and blood)
-hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
-icterus

26
Q

Gross sign of Histoplasma capsulatum

A

-granulomatous lymphadenitis seen on mesenteric lymph nodes of small intestines

27
Q

Treatment of Histoplasma capsulatum

A

-pulmonary histoplasmosis may be self limiting

-therapy recommended to prevent dissemination
-antifungals based on site of infections
*Amphotericin B, Itraconazole

28
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum in cats

A

*very susceptible (2nd most common systemic mycosis behind cryptococcus)

-Disseminated disease with no specific signs= weight loss, fever, anorexia, lymphadenopathy
-Skin lesions (nodules or ulcers)
-Resp signs other than cough!
-ocular involvement

29
Q

Sporothrix schenckii in horses

A

Presents as lyphacutaneous disease
-nodules at site of infection
-nodules and cutaneous lymphatics ulcerate
-exudation of yellowish exudate from ulcers

Disseminated disease if cutaneous or lymphocutaneous not treated

30
Q

Treatment of S. schenckii

A

-Systemic iodine preparations

-Itraconazole

31
Q

S. schenckii in cats

A

-cutaneous and extracutaneous symptoms
-on face, claws
-resp signs, swollen lymph nodes, cartilage and bone lesions

32
Q

S. schenckii in humans

A

-Associated with sphagnum moss, rose bushes, splinters

-small painless pustules, then multiple linearly placed secondary pustular lesions or ulcerating lesions along proximal lymphatic s

33
Q

S. braziliensis in humans

A

-Zoonotically acquired from cats (bites/scratches)

-located in South America

34
Q

Sample collection for Blastomyces dermatitidis

A

-urine for antigen test
-fluid from draining skin lesion
-lymph nodes or lesions aspirate
-TTW or BAL

35
Q

Sample collection of Coccidioides immitis

A

-urine for antigen test
-fluids/exudates from draining lesions

36
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum sample collection

A

-Intestinal biopsies
-TTW or BAL ir resp signs
-aspirates
-urine or CSF

37
Q

Sporothrix schenckii sample handling

A

-tissue biopsies
-exudates form lesions

38
Q

Lab ID for dimorphic fungi

A

-Serology= best choice= antigen detection test
-Cytology
-Histopathology

-culture possible but not recommended= biocontainment level 3 at mycelial phase

39
Q

Zoonotic transmission

A

-Coccidioides, Blastomyces, Histoplasma are all dangerous when cultured

-sporothrix zoonotic through scratches or bites

Bacteriology 2 (19 decks)

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