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Bacteriology 2 > Coxiella, Borrelia, Bartonella > Flashcards

Coxiella, Borrelia, Bartonella Flashcards

1
Q

Coxiella characteristics

A

-obligate intracellular parasites
-doesnt stain using gram stain
-worldwide distribution except New Zealand
-not culturable using standard microbiological techniques. Must be cultivated in vitro= inoculation of embryonated eggs
-biocontainment level 3

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2
Q

borrelia characteristics

A

-large spirochetes
-small linear chromosome
-DNA found in museum specimens.
-biocontainment level 2

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3
Q

Bartonella characteristics

A

-small gram negative coccobacilli
-biocontainment level 2

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4
Q

Coxiella habitat

A

-obligate parasite- host associated
-infects wide variety of species
-shed in milk, urine, feces, amniotic fluids at parturition
-can survive in environment for up to 150 days

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5
Q

Borrelia habitats

A

-obligate parasites- host associated
-associated with reservoir hosts and arthropod vectors
*highly adapted to specific arthropod
-transmission via tick bites (mostly nymphs)

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6
Q

Bartonella habitats

A

-facultative intracellular parasite (erythrocytes and endothelial cell pathogens)

-have principal animal reservoir

-spread through vectors
*Cats- Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea)

-generally mild disease in reservoir hosts, pathology when incidental host infected

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7
Q

Borrelia burgdorfeli sensu stricto vs. lato

A

Lato: all strains associated with lyme disease

Stricto: geno-species

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8
Q

Coxiella burnetii virulence factors

A

-lipopolysaccharide- phase variation (antigenic variation that masks it from immune system)

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9
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi virulence factors

A

-outer surface proteins- attach in tick host, allows organism to live in gut between meals

-surface lipoproteins- stimulates inflammation, persistance in ticks

-porin like proteins- adhesion

-flagella- motility

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10
Q

Bartonella virulence factors

A

-type 4 secretion systems

-Bartonella effector proteins- secreted into host cells and modulate physiology in favour of bacteria
>induction of phagocytosis by host cells
>prevention of apoptosis (keep host cells alive)

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11
Q

Coxiella burnetii

A

-generalist parasite of eukaryotic cells= arthropods, reptiles, birds, mammals

-Agent of Q fever (query) in people; not reportable

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12
Q

Coxiella burnetii life cycle

A
  1. high concentrations in placenta and fetal tissues. Animals eat these tissues, it passes through GIT, excreted in feces, and then can be aerolized as dust
  2. aerosol transmission important, very infectious dose
    -enters lungs, replicates in pulmonary macrophages, disseminates throughout the body
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13
Q

Steps of cell lysis for Coxiella burnetii

A
  1. small cell variant eaten by macrophage
  2. vacuole acidifies, stimulating development of large cell variant
  3. By 2 days, parasitophorous vacuole contains lots of replicating LCV
  4. By day 6, SCV re appears
  5. By day 12, host cells lyses and SCV released
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14
Q

Coxiella burnetii in ruminants

A

-often mild or non apparent infections

-clinical signs in reproductive tract and mammary tract
*abortions/shedding in milk
*placentitis and fetal pathology such as hepatitis, myocarditis, interstitial pneumonia

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15
Q

Control of Coxiella burnetii

A

-segretation of parturient ruminants

-careful disposal of tissues (Abortuses and placentas)

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16
Q

Treatment for Coxiella burnetii

A

-inactivated vaccines available

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17
Q

Coxiella burnetii in dogs and cats

A

-mostly subclinical

-dogs: splenomegaly most common

-cats: abortions. Linked with human outbreaks. See fver, lethargy, anorexia 2 days following experimental infection

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18
Q

Coxiella burnetii in humans

A

Q fever
-incubation up to 3 weeks
-50% infected people are asymptomatic
-Acute febrile illness
-Mild disease with complications (pneumonia, granulomatous hepatitis, myocarditis, abortion)

*Case fatality rate <2% of hospitalized patients

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19
Q

Q fever control in people

A

-vaccination

-manure management (removal, pasteurization, not spreading in fields)

-bulk tank milk surveillance

-massive culling

-linked with people in contact with ruminant farms

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20
Q

Who acquires Q fever?

A

-Occupational (farmers, abattoir workers, vets, lab workers)

-Foodborne (unpasteurized products- goat cheese)

-rare association with cats

21
Q

Treatment and prevention of Q fever

A

-doxycycline

-vaccines for high risk workers

22
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

-lyme disease
-ticks are only competent vectors (ixodes scapularis, ixodes pacificus
-ticks infected by biting reservoir host
-organism transmission takes up to 24hrs

-coinfections possible with others (Babesia Anaplasma)= occurs in humans, and likely other mammals

23
Q

Lyme distribution

A

Ixodes tick distribution
-most common in the east
-ixodes like to feed on lizards but Borrelia doesnt amplify as well in lizards

24
Q

Lyme clinical signs in dogs

A

-usually asymptomatic

-Infected:
-intermittent recurrent lameness (polyarthritis)
-fever
-anorexia
-lymphadenopathy
-swollen joints

-Fatal renal failure= immune complex deposition in kidney

25
Q

Lyme clinical signs in cats

A

-doesnt commonly manifest
-seroconversion occurs but they seem to be somewhat resistant
-if infected, similar to dogs

26
Q

Treatment of lyme disease in dogs and cats

A

-Early treatment!
-doxycycline, amoxicillin, azithromycin

27
Q

Control of lyme disease in dogs and cats

A

-Ascaricides
-remove ticks promptly
-vaccination= bacterins and recombinant proteins available

28
Q

Lyme disease in people

A

Symptoms 3-30 days post infection
>fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, erythema migrans rash (bullseye/target)

Chronic signs days to months later
-severe headache, arthritis, facial palsy, pain, heart palpitations, dizziness, inflammation of brain, nerve pain

29
Q

Prevalence of lyme

A

Lyme associated with areas of MB and BC

-cases in SK and AB linked with travel

30
Q

Bartonella henselae in cats

A

-clinical signs rare
-30-40% clinically healthy shelter cats are carriers

-Signs: results in transient fever, papules/abscesses at site of inoculation, lymphadenopathy, myalgia

-lack evidence for clearance in treated cats

31
Q

Bartonella species in dogs

A

-Various species

-Endocarditis: B. vinsonii and others
-Hepatitis: B. henselae

-flea and tick prevention is important

32
Q

Treatment of Bartonella spp

A

-Treat with long duration antimicrobials
>enrofloxacin, doxycycline, amoxicillin, rifampin

33
Q

Bartonella henselae in people

A

-zoonoses. People infected from cat scratches

-symptoms develop 1-3weeks post exposure

34
Q

Symptoms of Bartonella henselae in people

A

-fever
-papule or pustule at site of scratch
-enlarged, painful lymph nodes

-can have bacillary angiomatosis (angiogenesis and lesions in skin)

35
Q

Bartonella quintana

A

-causes trench fever
-reemerging in people affected by extreme poverty in developing countries and in homeless

-vector: human body louse
-Reservoir: humans; but also reported in cats

36
Q

Bartonella baciliformis

A

-causes Carrion’s disease
-transmitted by sandflies in Andes mtns

37
Q

Bartonella baciliformis clinical signs

A

Carrion’s disease
-hemolytic anemia
-localized tissue infection
-angiomatosis

38
Q

Biphasic Carrion’s disease

A
  1. erythrocyte infection, anemia and transient immunosuppression
  2. nodular dermal eruptions occur as a result of vascular proliferation
39
Q

Sample collection for coxiella

A

-blood
-serum
-placental tissues
-milk

40
Q

Sample collection for borrelia

A

-blood
-biopsies of cutaneous lesions

41
Q

Sample collection for Bartonella

A

-blood
-tissues collected on necropsy (vegetations if endocarditis)

42
Q

Lab ID for coxiella burnetii

A

-culture in special labs
-PCR
-immunohistochemistry of biopsy specimens
-serology (acute and convalescent; cross reactions occur)

43
Q

Lab ID Bartonella

A

-can be cultured
-serology (many seropositive animals are not clinically affected)
-antigen capture ELISA
-fluorescent antibody
-PCR

44
Q

Zoonoses of Coxiella burnetii

A

-lab acquired infections. Can be fatal
-potential biological weapons= aerolized organism

45
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi zoonoses

A

-not acquired directly from infected animals but passed by vectors

46
Q

Bartonella spp zoonoses

A

-avoid cat scratches/bites
-flea and tick control important
-testing and decolonization therapy not recommended for healthy cats

47
Q

Treatment for C. burnetii

A

Doxycycline

48
Q

Treatment for Borrelia

A

-doxycycline, beta lactams
-depends on species

49
Q

Treatment for bartonella spp

A

-animals: enrofloxacin, doxycycline

-humans: azithromycin, doxycycline, aminoglycosides

Bacteriology 2 (19 decks)

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