Digestive System: Stomach

Question 1

-is an enlarged segment of the digestive tract that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber.
-It is located in the left superior part of the abdomen
-Its shape and size vary from person to person, even within the same individual from time to time, depending on food content and body posture.

Answer 1

stomach

Question 2

opening from the esophagus into the stomach

Answer 2

gastro-esophageal opening

Question 3

also called the cardiac sphincter, surrounds the cardiac opening.

Answer 3

lower esophageal sphincter

Question 4

A part of the stomach to the left of the cardiac part, the________ is actually superior to the cardiac opening.

Answer 4

fundus

Question 5

largest part of the stomach

Answer 5

body

Question 6

The largest part of the stomach is the body, which turns to the right, creating___________ and _____________

Answer 6

greater curvature and a lesser curvature.

Question 7

Part of the stomach which The body narrows to form the funnel-shaped

Answer 7

pyloric part

Question 8

The wider part of the funnel, toward the body of the stomach,

Answer 8

pyloric antrum

Question 9

narrow part of the funnel

Answer 9

pyloric canal

Question 10

The pyloric canal opens through the __________ into the small intestine.

Answer 10

pyloric orifice

Question 11

The pyloric orifice is surrounded by

Answer 11

pyloric sphincter,

Question 12

is a common defect of the stomach in infants, in which the pyloric sphincter is greatly thickened and thus interferes with normal stomach emptying.

Answer 12

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Question 13

is the outermost tunic of the stomach.
It consists of an outer layer of simple squamous epithelium and an inner layer of connective tissue.

Answer 13

serosa, or visceral peritoneum

Question 14

(TRUE OR FALSE)
The muscularis of the stomach consists of three layers: an outer longitudinal layer, a middle circular layer, and an inner oblique layer

Answer 14

true

Question 15

Deep to the muscular layer are the submucosa and the mucosa, which are thrown into large folds called______

Answer 15

rugae

Question 16

(TRUE OR FALSE)
The stomach is lined with simple columnar epithelium. The epithelium forms numerous, tubelike gastric pits, which are the openings for the gastric glands

Answer 16

true

Question 17

are found on the surface and lining the gastric pit.

Answer 17

surface mucous cells

Question 18

gastric glands which produce mucus;

Answer 18

mucous neck cells

Question 19

gastric glands which produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor;

Answer 19

parietal cells

Question 20

gastric glands which produce pepsinogen;

Answer 20

chief cells,

Question 21

gastric glands which produce regulatory hormones and paracrine factors.

Answer 21

endocrine cells

Question 22

Once food enters the stomach, it is mixed with stomach secretions to form a semifluid material called_______

Answer 22

chyme

Question 23

is a glycoprotein that binds with vitamin B12 making the vitamin more readily absorbed in the ileum.

Answer 23

Intrinsic factor

Question 24

produces the low pH of the stomach’s contents, which is normally between 1 and 3.

Answer 24

Hydrochloric acid

Question 25

Hydrogen ions
are then actively transported across the mucosal surface of the parietal cell into the lumen of the stomach by a Ht-K+
exchange pump, often called________

Answer 25

proton pump

Question 26

results in an elevated blood pH in the veins that carry blood away from the stomach,

Answer 26

alkaline tide

Question 27

Chief cells within the gastric glands secrete_____

Answer 27

pepsinogen

Question 28

Pepsinogen is packaged in___________.

Answer 28

zymogen granules

Question 29

the term for an inactive enzyme.

Answer 29

zymogen

Question 30

exhibits optimal enzymatic activity at a pH of 3 or less.

Answer 30

Pepsin

Question 31

phase of gastric regulation, several types of stimuli act on the centers within the medulla oblon-gata to influence gastric secretions

Answer 31

Cephalic phase

Question 32

Parasympathetic stimulation of the stomach mucosa results in the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which increases the secretory activity of both the parietal and the chief cells and stimulates the secretion of________________ from endocrine cells.

Answer 32

gastrin and histamine

Question 33

greatest volume of gastric secretions is produced during this

Answer 33

gastric phase

Question 34

phase of gastric secretion primarily inhibits gastric secretions.

It is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum of the small intestine, which activates both neural and hormonal mechanisms.

Answer 34

Intestinal phase

Question 35

inhibits gastric secretion by inhibiting both parietal and chief cells.

Answer 35

secretin

Question 36

Fatty acids, other lipids, and to a lesser degree protein digestion products in the duodenum and the proximal jejunum initiate the release of the hormone_________ which inhibits gastric secretion.

Answer 36

cholecystokinin

Question 37

consists of a local reflex and a reflex integrated within the medulla oblongata that reduce gastric secretion.

Answer 37

enterogastric reflex

Question 38

which are peristaltic-like contractions that occur about every 20 sec-onds, proceeding from the body of the stomach toward the pyloric sphincter.

Answer 38

mixing waves

Question 39

The peristaltic contractions responsible for moving chyme through the partially closed pyloric opening

Answer 39

pyloric pump

Question 40

contractions are increased by low blood glucose levels and are strong enough to create uncomfortable sensations

Answer 40

hunger pangs