Digestive System: Ingestion, Stomach, and Liver

Question 1

How does ingested food move through the digestive tract?

Answer 1

Swallowing, Peristalsis, Segmentation

Question 2

Peristalsis

Answer 2

A wave of squeezes that helps push food through your digestive system.

Question 3

Segmentation

Answer 3

Muscles squeeze at different spots, breaking up the food and mixing it with digestive juices. This helps break down the food more thoroughly and makes it easier for your body to absorb nutrients. Mixes up food to aid in digestion.

Question 4

What are the four types of cells in the gastric glands of the stomach mucosa?

Answer 4

1. Endocrine cells (G cells)
2. Parietal cells
3. Chief cells
4. Mucous cells

Question 5

Endocrine Cells

Answer 5

Gastric stomach cell - releases hormones like gastrin into the blood

Question 6

Parietal Cells

Answer 6

Gastric stomach cell - secrete intrinsic factor required for absorption of vitamin B12 and hydrochloric acid; LOWERS PH of gastric juice to PROTECT stomach lining

Question 7

Chief Cells

Answer 7

Gastric stomach cell - Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Question 8

Mucous Cells

Answer 8

Gastric stomach cell - Secrete bicarbonate-containing mucus to protect the stomach from the acidity
and digestive enzymes

Question 9

What are the four main regions of stomach?

Answer 9

1. Cardiac region
2. Fundus
3. Body
4. Pylorus

Question 10

Cardiac Region (Stomach)

Answer 10

Area where food is emptied into the stomach.

Question 11

Fundus

Answer 11

Most superior region of the stomach

Question 12

Body (Stomach)

Answer 12

The largest, most central region, curves toward the right to form a “J” shape, with a lesser curvature and a greater curvature.

Question 13

Pylorus

Answer 13

Funnel-shaped region below the stomach-body. The _______ sphincter is the valve that regulates the release of small amounts of chyme into the small intestine.

Question 14

How does muscle contraction occur?

Answer 14

1. Nerve Signal: Brain sends a signal to muscles via nerves.
2. Chemical Messenger: Acetylcholine triggers calcium release in muscles.
3. Calcium Release: Calcium ions activate muscle contraction.
4. Cross-Bridge Formation: Proteins in muscle fibers grab onto each other.
5. Sliding Filament Theory: Muscle fibers slide past each other, causing contraction.
6. Energy Source: ATP provides energy for muscle action.

Question 15

What are the primary roles of the liver?

Answer 15

This organ produces bile, induces metabolic functions like blood sugar regulation, and detoxifies body.