Cardiovascular System: Capillary Beds and Blood

Question 1

Capillary Beds

Answer 1

Groups of interconnected capillaries that facilitate the exchange of gas and solutes between the blood and interstitial fluid.

Made up of endothelial cells that rest on a basement membrane.

beds are groups of interconnected capillaries that facilitate the exchange of gas and solutes between |

Question 2

3 ways materials/substances pass into capillary beds?

Answer 2

1. Diffusion
2. Through Intercellular Clefts
3. Vesicular Transport

Question 3

Intercellular clefts

Answer 3

Channels between adjacent endothelial cells.

Question 4

3 types of capillaries

Answer 4

1. Continuous
2. Fenestrated
3. Sinusoid

Question 5

Continuous capillary

Answer 5

Capillaries with a nonporous continuous endothelium. Most common type + most IMpermeable.

Question 6

Fenestrated capillary

Answer 6

Capillaries with pores that increase their permeability; found in kidneys & small intestine.

Question 7

Sinusoid capillary

Answer 7

Capillaries with a discontinuous endothelium; permits passage of large particles + blood cells.

MOST permeable capillary.

Question 8

Peripheral Resistance

Answer 8

Resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood due to FRICTION.

Resistance increases = rate of blood flow decreases.

Diameter and length of the vessel + volume and viscosity of the blood affect this.

Question 9

Blood composition

Answer 9

1. Plasma (55%)
2. RBC, WBC, platelets

Question 10

Plasma

Answer 10

Clear straw-colored; made of water, plasma proteins (albumin, antibodies, clotting proteins), carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, salts, gases, hormones, and waste products.

92% is water

Question 11

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Answer 11

Most of the cells in the blood; (AKA erythrocytes). No organelles = hemoglobin

percentage of red blood cells by volume is called hematocrit and averages about 42% for women and |

Question 12

Hemoglobin

Answer 12

Protein to which oxygen and carbon dioxide can bind.

Question 13

Hematocrit

Answer 13

Percentage of RBCs by volume.

(42% for women
46% for men)

Question 14

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Answer 14

(leukocytes) the only blood cells with nuclei. NOT confined to blood; move in and out of vessels.

Question 15

Platelets

Answer 15

(thrombocytes) cell fragments that initiate clotting, and outnumber WBCs about 40:1.

Question 16

Erythropoiesis

Answer 16

The production of red blood cells; occurs in the red bone marrow.

Question 17

Erythropoietin

Answer 17

Hormone (produced by the kidneys and liver) targets the marrow + stimulates myeloid stem cells to differentiate into erythroblasts.

are low, the hormone erythropoietin (produced by the kidneys and liver) targets the marrow, |

Question 18

Erythroblasts

Answer 18

Nucleated cell occurring in red marrow as a stage in the development of the red blood cell

Question 19

Stages of RBC production

Answer 19

Erythropoietin————>stimulate myeloid stem cells————> erythroblasts——————————————->reticulocytes—————————–>erythrocytes are formed

Erythropoiesis (the production of red blood cells) occurs in the red bone marrow. When oxygen levels |

Question 20

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Question 21

3 types of Leukocytes (White Blood Cells).

Answer 21

Lymphocytes
Monocyte

Question 22

Lymphocyte

Answer 22

WBC: 2 types B cells and T cells

Question 23

Monocyte

Answer 23

WBC. Characterized by a well-defined nucleus. They play important role in the body’s immune response to pathogens. Produced in bone marrow.

Question 24

Granulocyte

Answer 24

WBC with granules in its cytoplasm. Fight against infections and allergens. There are several types of these kinds of WBCs.

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils and mast cells. Some categorizations of granulocytes merge mast |

Question 25

Types of Granulocytes

Answer 25

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils and mast cells.

Question 26

Basophils

Answer 26

Play important role in allergies and allergic reactions, as well as in inflammation

important part in the defense against infection by parasites in addition to responding to allergens by |

Question 27

Eosinophils

Answer 27

Defend against infection by parasites in addition to responding to allergens by inducing inflammation

Question 28

Neutrophils

Answer 28

Defend against infection from microorganisms

Question 29

Blood types

Answer 29

A, B, O, AB

Question 30

2 Types of Clotting Mechanisms

Answer 30

1. Extrinsic
2. Intrinsic

Question 31

Extrinsic clotting mechanism

Answer 31

This type of clotting mechanisms occurs when damaged tissue releases thromboplastin and triggers a reactions resulting in production of enzyme: prothrombin activator.

Question 32

Intrinsic clotting mechanism

Answer 32

Clotting mechanism involved with Hageman factor: plasma protein that initiates the contact phase of coagulation

Question 33

Protoporphyrin

Answer 33

Complex organic ring that serves as a critical intermediate in the biosynthesis of heme: the iron-containing component of hemoglobin

Question 34

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 34

oxygenated form of hemoglobin

Question 35

Baroreceptors

Answer 35

Sensory nerve endings located primarily in the walls of large blood vessels, such as the carotid sinus and the aortic arch. They are mechanoreceptors that detect changes in blood pressure by sensing the stretch or tension in the vessel walls.

Question 36

Renin

Answer 36

Enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the KIDNEYS, playing a critical role in the body’s regulation of blood pressure, blood volume, and sodium balance.