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Bio 105 > Digestive System and Nutrition > Flashcards

Digestive System and Nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the main steps in digestion

A

Ingestion and Digestion

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2
Q

intake of food

A

INgestion

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3
Q

Breaking down food into smaller molecules that can enter cells.

A

Digestion

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4
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

Teeth

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5
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

Enzymes

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6
Q

______are broken down into their building blocks

Ex. Proteins to Amino Acids

A

Organic molecules

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7
Q

What are the main steps in digestion?

A

Movement.
Absorption.
Elimination.

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8
Q

food moved along the GI track:

A

Movement

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9
Q

Transport of nutrients across GI tract wall into the blood

A

Absorption

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10
Q

Removal of indigestible material

A

Elimination

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11
Q

what are the 4 major layers that make up the wall of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa.
Submucosa.
Muscularis.
Serosa.

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12
Q

Innermost layer produces mucus and digestive enzymes (epithelial tissue with goblet cells)

A

Mucosa

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13
Q

Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

A

Submucosa

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14
Q

Made of smooth muscle that moves food along the GI tract

A

Muscularis

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15
Q

Outer lining that is part of the peritoneum (connective and epithelial tissue)

A

Serosa

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16
Q

what is the pathway that food follows?

A

Mouth- Pharynx- Esophagus- Stomach- Small intestine- Large intestine- Rectum- Anus

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17
Q

The first part of the digestive tract includes the :

A

Mouth.
Pharynx.
Esophagus

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18
Q

salivary glands secrete amylase that begins carbohydrate (chemical ) digestion in the mouth.

A

The mouth.

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19
Q

32 teeth begin mechanical digestion

A

The mouth

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20
Q

Tongue assists in mechanical breakdown and movement of food (bolus) to the pharynx

A

The mouth

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21
Q

leads to trachea and esophagus: carries food and air before forking into-Trachea and Esophagus

A

Pharynx

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22
Q

Carries air to lungs (A is for Air)

A

TrAchea

23
Q

muscular tube carries food to the stomach (PHA is for food)

A

EsoPHAgus

24
Q

how do we swallow food?

A

Voluntary phase and Involuntary phase

25
Q

Food moved from the mouth into the pharynx

A

Voluntary phase

26
Q

Once in the pharynx, swallowing becomes a reflex, moving food down the esophagus via peristalsis.
(smooth muscle)

A

Involuntary phase

27
Q

the flap of cartilage prevents food/liquid from entering the trachea

A

Epiglottis

28
Q

burning of the esophagus from reflux of stomach acid

A

Heartburn

29
Q

the mucosa layer has deep folds called rugae- contain glands that secrete enzyme-rich gastric juices.
Ex. pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins

A

The stomach

30
Q

HCI gives stomach a pH of 2 and denatures proteins

A

The stomach

31
Q

Pepsins rate of reaction is

A

a pH level around 1

32
Q

Trypsins rate of reaction is

A

a pH level around 8

33
Q

a bacterium, Helicobacter Pylori, lives in stomach mucus and can cause gastric____

A

Ulcers

34
Q

site of carbohydrate, protein and fat digestion

A

The small intestine

35
Q

Bile secreted by gallbladder helps emulsify fats

A

The small intestine

36
Q

Digested food is absorbed through large surface area created by numerous villi (finger-like projections_ and microvilli

A

The small intestine

37
Q

Pancreas.
Liver.
Gallbladder are all____

A

Accessory organs

38
Q

Secretes enzymes into small intestine:
Trypsin.
Lipase.
Pancreatic amylase

A

The pancrease

39
Q

Digests proteins

A

Trypsin

40
Q

digests fats

A

Lipase

41
Q

Digests carbohydrates

A

Pancreatic amylase

42
Q

stores and releases bile for lipid digestion into the small intestine( emulsification)

A

Gall bladder

43
Q

produces bile.
Removes iron, vitamins A, D , E and B12 from the blood and stores them.
Stores glucose as glycogen to regulate blood glucose levels.
Breaks down toxins and old hemoglobin

A

Liver

44
Q

Hepatitis.

Cirrhosis

A

Liver disorders

45
Q

Inflammation of the liver.
caused by hepatitis A, B and C viruses (currently no help for Hep C)
This can lead to liver damage, cancer, and/or death

A

Hepatitis

46
Q

the liver becomes fatty and eventually, this tissue is replaced by fibrous scar tissue.
seen in alcoholics and obese individuals.
can lead to liver failure.

A

Cirrhosis

47
Q

Includes the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

A

The large intestine

48
Q

Functions include;
Absorbs water.
Absorbs vitamins (B complex and K)produced by intestinal flora

A

The large intestine

49
Q 
Diarrhea
Constipation.
Hemorrhoids.
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Diverticulosis
A

Disorders of the colon and rectum

50
Q

Enlarged and inflamed blood vessels of the anus due to chronic constipation, pregnancy, aging and any intercourse

A

Hemorrhoids

51
Q

Muscularis layer contracts without coordination; characterized by chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain

A

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

52
Q

inflammation of small pouches (diverticula) in the walls of the GI tract (typically the colon)

A

Diverticulosis

53
Q

Microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts of animals -A mutation.
Many benefits, such as aiding in the digestion of foods we don’t have enzymes for.
prebiotics and probiotics?
Antibiotics?
Fiber?

A

Intestinal (GUT) Flora

Bio 105 (6 decks)

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