digestive system- anatomy and physiology

Question 1

what is the digestive system formed by

Answer 1

the GI tract and accessory digestive organs

Question 2

GI tract

Answer 2

• mouth
• pharynx
• esophagus
• stomach
• small intestine
• large intestine

Question 3

accessory digestive organs

Answer 3

• teeth
• tongue
• salivary glands
• liver
• gall bladder
• pancreas

Question 4

function of digestive system

Answer 4

break down food into smaller parts in a way our body can absorb them and utilise them as energy

Question 5

secretion

Answer 5

release of water, acid, buffers and enzymes into GI tract

Question 6

digestion

Answer 6

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

Question 7

what is the oral vestibule

Answer 7

the space between the gums, lips, cheeks and teeth

Question 8

what is the hard palate

Answer 8

hard part that forms roof of mouth

Question 9

what is the soft palate (muscular)

Answer 9

forms rest of mouths roof

Question 10

the 4 types of teeth

Answer 10

• canines
• incisors
• molars
• premolars

Question 11

role of incisors

Answer 11

• 4 upper
• 4 lower

Question 12

role of canines

Answer 12

• used for tearing food
• two upper
• two lower

Question 13

role of premolars

Answer 13

• 4 upper
• 4 lower
• used to grind food

Question 14

role of molars

Answer 14

• 6 upper
• 6 lower
• used to grind food so juices can penetrate
• crown is cube-shaped with 3/4 cusps

Question 15

what are the 3 salivary glands

Answer 15

• parotid gland
• sublingual gland
• submandibular gland

Question 16

where does the accessory parotid gland lie

Answer 16

• within roof of parotid gland

Question 17

3 parts of pharynx

Answer 17

• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx

Question 18

features of the esophagus

Answer 18

• collapsible muscular tube
• 25cm long
• posterior to trachea
• transports food –> stomach
• secretes mucus

Question 19

most internal layer of gi tract

Answer 19

• mucosal layer

Question 20

outer layer of gi tract

Answer 20

• serosa

Question 21

mucosa

Answer 21

• contains mucous glands
• gastric glands in stomach

Question 22

submucosa

Answer 22

• contains connective tissue, blood vessels and mucous glands

Question 23

muscularis

Answer 23

• 3 layers of smooth muscle

Question 24

serosa in stomach

Answer 24

simple squamous epithelium tissue and connective tissue

Question 25

serosa in stomach

Answer 25

simple squamous epithelium tissue and connective tissue

Question 26

what do cardiac glands mainly secrete

Answer 26

mucus

Question 27

where are cardiac glands situated

Answer 27

near the cardiac orifice

Question 28

where do gastric glands lie

Answer 28

in the fundus and body

Question 29

3 types of cells in gastric glands

Answer 29

- mucous cells - chief cells - parietal cells

Question 30

where do pyloric glands lie

Answer 30

- in pyloris antrum - mainly secret mucus to allow movement through canal

Question 31

how long is small intestine

Answer 31

6cm

Question 32

duodenum

Answer 32

- shortest and widest part

Question 33

jejenum

Answer 33

middle region

Question 34

ileum

Answer 34

- connects with large intestine - site of absorption - circular folds

Question 35

role of pyloric sphincter

Answer 35

- smooth muscle - communication between stomach and duodenum

Question 36

function of accessory organs

Answer 36

- produce liquids to help with digestion - pancreas, liver and gall bladder

Question 37

how long is pancreas

Answer 37

12-15cm long

Question 38

role of pancreas

Answer 38

- produces pancreatic juice - plus production of hormones

Question 39

role of liver

Answer 39

- right upper quadrant has hepatocytes that produce bile

Question 40

role of gall bladder

Answer 40

- used as storage of bile - can secrete bile in duodenum when needed

Question 41

5 main parts of large intestine

Answer 41

- cecum - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum

Question 42

length of caecum

Answer 42

6cm long

Question 43

where does caecum lie

Answer 43

hangs inferior to proximal colon and distal ileum

Question 44

imaging of the digestive system

Answer 44

- sialogram - endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) - magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) - small bowel meal - barium enema

Question 45

sialogram

Answer 45

type of imaging of salivary glands

Question 46

ERCP

Answer 46

going with endoscope - any obstruction of pancreatic duct - can find right access and inject tube using camera

Question 47

MRCP

Answer 47

- uses MRI without being invasive