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Biology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 macro-molecules?

A
  1. Protein
  2. Carbohydrates (CHO)
  3. Lipids (FAT)
  4. Nucleic Acids
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2
Q

What are macro-molecules?

A

Very large molecules that are made up of smaller molecules that are linked together.

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3
Q

What do macro-molecules do?

A
  • provide energy to regulate cell activities and to build and repair tissue
  • maintain the body’s metabolism (all the chemical processes carried out in the body)
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4
Q

What is the job of carbohydrates?

A

-to build cell membranes and provide energy

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5
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

A
  1. SIMPLE- monosaccharide’s and disaccharides

2. COMPLEX- polysaccharide’s

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6
Q

What is the structure of a monosaccharide?

A
  • 3 to 7 atoms

example: glucose, fructose

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7
Q

What is the structure of a disaccharide?

A
  • 2 simple sugars

example: table sugar, maltose, lactose

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8
Q

What is the structure of a polysaccharides?

A
  • many sugars (more than two) linked sugars

example: starch, glycogen

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9
Q

What is the structure of a lipid?

A
  • glycerol and 3 fatty acids

- insoluble in water

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10
Q

What is the job of lipids?

A
  • to insulate and cushion
  • are the material to build cell membranes
  • energy storage
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11
Q

What are proteins made out of?

A

-amino acids

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12
Q

What is the job of proteins?

A
  • to help build and repair tissue
  • make up enzymes
  • antibodies
  • gives structure and support for blood cells, body tissue, muscle
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13
Q

What is the job of nucleic acids?

A

-to direct growth and development using chemical codes DNA and RNA

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14
Q

What does digestion involve?

A
  1. ingestion: eating food
  2. digestion: chemical and mechanical breakdown
  3. absorption: transport of nutrients into the circulatory system
  4. elimination: removal of undigested food
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15
Q

What is the digestive tract?

A
  • a series of hollow organs joined in a tube from the mouth to the anus
  • food passes through the digestive tract
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16
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas
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17
Q

What is mechanical digestion in the mouth?

A

-teeth bite off and chew food into a soft pulp that is easy to swallow

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18
Q

What is chemical digestion in the mouth?

A

-chewing mixes the food with saliva, from salivary glands around the mouth and face to make it moist and easy to swallow

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19
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

It is a muscular tube.

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20
Q

What does the esophagus do?

A
  • it takes food from the throat and pushes it down through the neck and into the stomach
  • it moves food by waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis
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21
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

-it prevents food from entering the trachea (windpipe) from getting into your lungs

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22
Q

Where is the esophageal sphincter?

A

Between the esophagus and the stomach

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23
Q

What is the purpose of esophageal sphincter?

A

-prevents food from coming back into the esophagus from the stomach

24
Q

What is mechanical digestion in the stomach?

A
  • the stomach has thick muscles in its wall

- these ridges (called rugae) contract to mash the food into a watery soup called chyme

25
Q

What is chemical digestion in the stomach?

A

-the stomach lining produce strong gastric juices (HCI, salts, enzymes and mucus)

26
Q

Why does the stomach not digest itself?

A
  1. mucus lining the stomach
  2. gastric juice is secreted only when food is present
  3. the protein digesting enzyme (pepsin) is only active when HCl is present
27
Q

Where does food go when it leaves the stomach?

A

The food passes out of the stomach through the pyloric sphincter and into the small intestine.

28
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

About 20 feet, or 7 metres long

29
Q

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
30
Q

What is the purpose of villi and microvilli?

A

Increase the surface area for nutrient absorption

31
Q

Why are the nutrients broken down?

A

So they are small enough to pass through the lining of the small intestine and into the blood (diffusion).

32
Q

Where does the small intestine receive secretions from?

A

Pancreas and gallbladder

33
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A
  • secretes 1L of pancreatic fluid each day

- these are made up of enzymes that break down food and bicarbonate ions that maintain a healthy pH of about 8

34
Q

What does the liver do?

A
  • creates bile (a mixture of bile salts)
  • bile is a greenish yellow colour
  • is stored in the gall bladder until release into the small intestine
35
Q

What is the purpose of the large intestine?

A

-useful substances that were not absorbed into the small intestine such as water and body minerals, are absorbed through the walls of the large intestine, back into the blood

36
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A
  • the remains are formed into brown, semi-solid feces, ready to removed from the body
  • stored in the rectum
  • eliminated by the anus (through the anal sphincter)
  • peristalsis again helps with the removal of this waste through the intestines
37
Q

What are gall stones?

A
  • hard, pebble-like deposits that form inside a gall bladder
  • symptoms include cramping pain in the middle to right upper abdomen
  • treatment: surgery or medication
38
Q

What is Crohn’s Disease?

A
  • inflammation of the digestive system
  • symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea, bleeding from the rectum, weight loss etc.
  • treatment: medicine, surgery, nutrition supplements
39
Q

What are peptic ulcers?

A
  • stomach acid damages the walls of the stomach or duodenum
  • symptoms are extreme pain
  • treatment: medicine to block stomach acid, antibiotics or surgery
40
Q

What is heartburn/acid reflux?

A
  • stomach acid moves from the stomach into the esophagus because the sphincter muscle does not close properly
  • symptoms include an irritated esophagus
  • treatment: antacids, eat smaller amounts slowly, avoid acidic foods/drinks
41
Q

What is diabetes?

A

-blood glucose (sugar) levels are too high
Type 1: your body does not make insulin
Type 2: your body does not make or use insulin well
-symptoms include being thirsty or peeing often, blurry eyesight, sores that heal slowly, tingling in the feet
-treatment: insulin shots, healthy meals, physical activity

42
Q

What are the roles of water?

A
  1. Transporting dissolved nutrients into the cells that line the small intestine
  2. flushing toxins from cells
  3. lubricating tissues and joints
  4. forming essential body fluids such as blood and mucus
  5. regulating body temperature (by sweating)
  6. eliminating waste materials (in urine and sweat)
43
Q

What macro-molecule does carbohydrase break down? What is the product?

A

Carbohydrate and simple sugars

44
Q

What macro-molecule does lipase break down? What is the product?

A

Lipid and glycerol and fatty acids

45
Q

What macro-molecule does protease break down? What is the product?

A

Protein and amino acids

46
Q

What macro-molecule does nuclease break down? What is the product?

A

Nucleic acids and nucleotides

47
Q

What is the function of calcium?

A
  • forming bone
  • conducting nerve signals
  • clotting blood
  • contracting muscle
48
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

-producing hemoglobin

49
Q

What is the function of magnesium?

A
  • supporting enzyme functions

- balancing body fluids

50
Q

What is the function of potassium?

A
  • conducting nerve signals

- balancing body fluids

51
Q

What is the function of sodium?

A
  • good vision

- healthy skin and bones

52
Q

What is the function of vitamin A?

A
  • good vision

- healthy skin and bones

53
Q

What is the function of vitamin B1?

A
  • metabolizing carbohydrates

- growth and muscle tone

54
Q

What is the function of vitamin C?

A
  • healthy bones, teeth, gums and blood vessels

- boosting immune system

55
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A
  • absorbing calcium

- forming bone

56
Q

What is the function of vitamin E?

A

-strengthening red blood cell membranes

57
Q

What is amylase and where is it found?

A

An enzyme that digests starch and glycogen

-found in the mouth (salivary) and the small intestine (pancreatic)

Biology (8 decks)

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