Digestive System

Question 1

What are the functions of the digestive system

Answer 1

ingestion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, metabolism, defecation

Question 2

What are the two main groups of organs in the digestive system?

Answer 2

1. GI tract which is a continuous tube from the mouth to the anal canal, around 5-7 meters
2. accessory digestive like teeth, tongue, salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 3

what are the subdivision of the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 3

-the greater sac is what accounts for most of the space in the peritoneal cavity. It begins are the diaphragm and continues to the pelvic cavity
- the omental bursa is the lesser sac that is located posterior to the stomach and liver and will continue with the great sac through the omental foramen

Question 4

at what level do you encounter the omental foramen

Answer 4

at the level of T12

Question 5

describe the greater omentum

Answer 5

-it attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum and transverse colon
-the greater omentum can block off inflammation by moving
- it contains the R and L gastro-omental vessels

Question 6

describe the lesser omentum

Answer 6

-it expands from the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part pf the duodenum to the inferior surface of the liver
-it is divided into the hepatoduodenal ligament which connects the duodenum and liver and the hepatogastric ligament which connects the stomach to liver

Question 7

what is the abdominal esophagus

Answer 7

-It is the short distal part that emerges thru the right crus at the level of T10.
- will enter with the anterior vagus trunk and the posterior vagus trunk

Question 8

describe the stomach

Answer 8

-it is the most dilated part of the GI tract
-it is between the abdominal esophagus and small intestine
-it is located in the umbilical, epigastric, and L hypochondrium region

Question 9

What are the parts of the stomach?

Answer 9

-cardia is what surrounds the opening of the esophagus
-cardial notch is the angle between the esophagus and fundus
- fundus is the area above the level of the cardial orifice
- body is the largest region
-greater curvature is the point of attachment for the greater omentum
-the pyloric part is the distal end of the stomach, it is divided into the pylori antrum and pyloric canal
-lesser curvature is the attachment for the lesser omentum

Question 10

describe the small intestine

Answer 10

-it is the longest part of the GI tract. Extends from the pyloric orifice and ileocecal fold.
- consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Question 11

what is the duodenum

Answer 11

• a C shaped structure adjacent to the head of the pancreas that is at the level of the umbilicus
  -it is mainly retroperitoneal
  -there are 4 parts.
  1st part is intraperitoneal, 2nd-4th part is retroperitoneal and is firmly attached to the abdominal wall

Question 12

Describe the 4 parts of the duodenum

Answer 12

-the 1st (superior) part is intraperitoneal and passes to the right of the L1 and anteriorly to the bile duct.
-the 2nd (descending) part is descending and it the entrance for the bile and pancreatic ducts
-the 3rd (inferior) part crosses the IVC, aorta, and vertebral column
-the 4th (ascending) part passes left to the aorta to L2 and terminates at duodenojejunal flexure

Question 13

what is the purpose of the ligament of Trietz

Answer 13

-A landmark for the duodenojejunal flexure
-Marks transition from foregut to the midgut
-Helps gastric motility (widens angle to allow more food to pass)

Question 14

Explain the ilium cecal folds

Answer 14

these flaps prevent reflux from the cecum to the ileum and also regulate the passage of contents between both.

Question 15

what is the purpose of the large intestine?

Answer 15

it absorbs fluid and salt from the gut content. It extends from the distal end of the ilium to the anal canal.

Question 16

what is the appendix?

Answer 16

It is a narrow tube that it connected to the cecum. It houses good bacteria. Rupture of the appendix will lead to the spread of bacteria in the abdominal cavity.

Question 17

what is the cecum

Answer 17

it is continuous with the ascending colon at the entrance of the ileum and is in contact with the anterior abdominal wall.

Question 18

what is acute appendicitis

Answer 18

it is when the appendix is obstructed. Bacteria will invade the appendix wall which is damaged by pressure necrosis. People will present with tenderness at the R groin. After 6-10 hrs pain will localize to the R iliac fossa and becomes constant.

Question 19

Describe what parts of the colon and intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

Answer 19

-transverse colon and sigmoid colon are intraperitoneal
-ascending colon and descending colon are secondarily retroperitoneal

Question 20

what are the accessory organs of digestion

Answer 20

the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

Question 21

what are the functions of the liver

Answer 21

produces bile, cholesterol metabolism, urea cycle, protein production, clotting factor production, detox blood

Question 22

The liver has two surfaces. Describe the diaphragmatic surface

Answer 22

Lies inferiorly to the diaphragm. The subphrenic recess separates the diaphragmatic surface of the liver from the diaphragm and is divided into L and R areas by the falciform ligament.
The hepatorenal recess is between the liver and R kidney and R suprarenal gland.

Question 23

describe the visceral surface of the liver

Answer 23

it is covered with visceral peritoneum except in the fossa for the gallbladder and at the porta hepatis

Question 24

what are the lobes of the liver?

Answer 24

-the falciform ligament separates the R and L lobe
-The caudrate lobe is bounded on the L by the ligamentum teres and on the R by the fossa for the gallbladder
-the caudate lobe is bounded on the L by the ligamentum venosum and on the R by the groove for the IVC

Question 25

describe the gallbladder

Answer 25

it is a pear shaped sac that lies on the visceral surface of the R lobe of the liver in a fossa between the R and quadrate lobe
it receives, concentrates, and stores bile from the liver

Question 26

describe the pancreas

Answer 26

it is posterior to the stomach and produces and secretes enzymes as well as secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon

Question 27

what are the structures of the foregut? what artery supplies them?

Answer 27

Esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, proximal part of the duodenum, pancreas, and spleen are all supplied by the celiac trunk

Question 28

what are the structures of the midgut? what artery supplies them?

Answer 28

the midgut consists of the distal half of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and the proximal half of the transverse colon. It is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery.

Question 29

what are the structures of the hindgut?

Answer 29

the distal third of the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, the rectum, and the upper portion of the anal canal
all supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery.