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Internal systems > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

How do animals get their food

(4 ways)

A

filter feeding - some whales
living in your food - parasites
fluid feeding - mosquitos
bulk feeding - snakes

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2
Q

What are the animal diets

A

Herbivore
carnivores
omnivores

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3
Q

Steps in getting and using food

IDAE

A

ingest, digest, absorb, eliminate

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4
Q

Types of digestion

(2)

A

Mechanical - breaking up food unto smaller pieces
Chemical - uses enzymes to break down food to be absorbed into cells

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5
Q

Functions of Mouth

what enzyme used

A

Mechanical digestion
Saliva does chemical digestion
Amylase enzyme - digest starch

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6
Q

What is in saliva

A

mucus - protects soft lining of system
lubricates food
buffers - neutralizes acid
anti bact chemicals - kills bact that enter mouth
Amylase

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7
Q

Types of teeth and purplse

A

incisors - cutting
canines - tearing
premolars - tearing and grinding
molars - grinding

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8
Q

names of mouth glands

A

parotid gland - back of mouth
sublingual gland - under tongue
submandibular gland - in jaw

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9
Q

what makes up the tongue

A

Papillae - cover tongue, houses taste buds
taste buds -bitter, sour, salty, sweet and umami

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10
Q

a Bolus

A

what the tongue, saliva turn food into in the mouth

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11
Q

What is the pharynx

A

connects oral cavity and to the esophagus
shared passageway with resp system

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12
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of cartilage
closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing
allows food to travel sown esophagus

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13
Q

esophagus (muscles, purpose)

A
  • Two layers of muscle
    circular and longitudinal
    ▪ Food is moved from the
    pharynx to the stomach
    Peristalsis - involuntary muscle
    contractions which forms
    waves that move the food
    bolus along the digestive
    tract
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14
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

A

At the top of the esophagus
Skeletal muscles triggered by
swallowing reflex

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15
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

◆ Aka cardiac sphincter
◆ At the end of tube leading to stomach
◆ Under autonomic control
◆ Prevents stomach contents from
going back into esophagus
◆ Manages acid reflux

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16
Q

Acid reflux, Heartburn and
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) causes

A

When stomach acids go back up esophagus and lower sphincter
when lower sphincter doesn’t close properly
heartburn is mild
GERD frequent and damaging

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17
Q

explain vomiting (not that important probably)

A

expulsion of stomach stuff
gets rid of toxin
Vomitus: liquid contents being expelled
Mechanism:
◆ Relaxation of LES
◆ Contraction in small intestine and stomach
begin to move stomach contents into
esophagus
◆ Contraction of diaphragm and abdominal walls
squeeze stomach
◆ Results in expulsion of contents up the
esophagus and out through the mouth
◆ Epiglottis closes entrance to trachea as
breathing stops

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18
Q

stomach functions

enzyme used

A

disinfect - hydrochloric acid
food storage
digest protein - pepsin enzyme

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19
Q

lower esophageal sphincter
or cardiac sphincter location, purpose

A

right before stomach, prevents the food from leaving the stomach

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20
Q

pyloric
sphincter location an purpose

A

right after the stomach, stops too much chyme from entering small intestine at once

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21
Q

what is rugae

A

folds in the stomach, allows stomach to expand and hold all that you need

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22
Q

Stomach tissue layers names

A

mucosa - very folded, secretes stomach juices
submucosa - hold blood vessels
muscularis - smooth muscle
serosa - hold stomach in place

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23
Q

What are the stomach juices called, purpose

(3)

A

Hydrochloric acid - kills bact.
pepsinogen, - activated by acid into pepsin, breaks down protein into amino acids
Mucus - protects stomach from acid

24
Q

Passive transportation

A

◆ Transport of nutrients not requiring energy
◆ Follow concentration gradient
◆ From high to low concentration
◆ Classes: diffusion, facilitated diffusion,
osmosis (water)

25
Q

active transportation

A

◆ Transport of nutrients requiring energy
◆ Against concentration gradient
◆ From low to high concentration
◆ Requires a transport protein

26
Q

Parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum - digestion
jejunum - digestion and absorption
ileum - absorption

27
Q

Duodenum function

A

fist and shortest of small intestine
does digestion and acid control
secretin hormone is released to get gallbladder to make bicarbonate which raises ph
neutralizes acid
(also secretes lilpase, trypsin, amylase)

28
Q

Pancreas, description, location

A

long flat gland
upper abdomen, behind stomach spleen

29
Q

Pancreas function enzyme names

and other function

A

Produces digestive enzymes
Trypsin, chymotrypsin - turns proteins into amino acids
amylase - starch/carbs into glucose
lipase - for lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Also neutralizes acid from stomach
brings these juices to duodenum

30
Q

Trypsin, chymotrypsin purpose

A

turns protein into amino acids

31
Q

Accessory organs meaning

A

organs that are connected to the gastrointestinal tract but food does not enter them
ex. gallbladder, liver, pancreas, salivary glands

32
Q

What are Exocrine mean, also some information about them

A

secretion of
products from glands into
ducts
Acinar and duct cells
make up 99% of pancreas cells
secrete digestive enzymes and NaHCO3

33
Q

What does Endocrine mean, also some information about them

A

Secretion of hormones directly in bloodstream
alpha (make glucogen) , beta (make insulin), delta, f cells (probably not that important)
make up 1% of pancreas cells

34
Q

what are Enzymes

A

Enzyme - catalyst of chemical reaction, not used up in reaction, most are proteins, have a specific substrate

35
Q

What are substrates also active sites

A

substrate - Molecules that bind to an enzyme at an active site

36
Q

Name the hormones that stimulate the pancreas

A

Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Acetylcholine

37
Q

When is secretin released also function

Hint: gas…

A

Released by the duodenum by the introduction of gastric acids
released into bloodstream
Makes pancreas release sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acids

38
Q

When is cholecystokinin released (CCK)

A

Released by duodenum at the presence of dietary fat, hydrochloric acid and amino acids

39
Q

When is Acetylcholine released

A

produced as a response to the sensory aspects of feeding and the physical effects of chewing and swallowing

40
Q

What is a zymogen

plus example

A

inactive precursor of an enzyme
requires activation for enzyme to work
ex. trypsinogen for trypsin

41
Q

Liver functions (5 things)

A

detoxify
synthesis and storage of amino acids, proteins, vits and fats
blood glucose regulation
bile production and drainage
blood circulation and filtration

42
Q

Why can you have your gallbladder removed

A

it only stores bile does not make it

43
Q

What does bile do, what is it made of

A

emulsifies fat
stored in gallbladder
made from cholesterol and bile salts
allows for lipases to work

44
Q

What are gallstones

A

crystallization of bile components
can block bile duct and will hurt
caused by too much cholesterol and bilirubin
if not enough salt in bile
surgery or shock wave lithotripsy

45
Q

Large intestines function

A

re absorbs >90% of water by diffusion
if not enough what is taken you have diarrhea
if too much is taken you have constipation

46
Q

Sections of large intestine

A

Cecum - prevents backflow
Appendix - vestigial, can get appendicitis
Colon - largest part, 4 sections
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
Rectum
Anus

47
Q

Function of colon and its 4 parts

A

Absorbs water, salts, residual nutrients, minerals, and vits
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid

48
Q

what is the sphincter connecting the ileum to the cecum

A

ileocecal valve (sphincter)

49
Q

What does E coli do in your intestine

A

digest cellulose - fruits and veg
produce vitamins - vit K, vit B12, Thiamine, riboflavin
generates gases

50
Q

Causes of constipation and treatment

A

not enough water, exercise, fibre
depression, stress
some meds
drink 8-10 cups of water
exercise more
eat fruits and veg

51
Q

causes of diarrhea and treatment

A

not enough water is absorbed, is a way fo getting rid of toxins
caused by viral of bact infection
to treat : antibiotics, glucose solution

52
Q

differences in digestive systems of carnivores and herbivores

A

Carnv - shorted digv tract, protein easier to digest than cellulose
Herbv - longer tract, koalas have long cecum, harder to digest cellulose

53
Q

Homeostasis

A

balancing of blood sugar levels

54
Q

What happens when there is too much sugar in blood

A

Pancreas makes/releases insulin
body cells take sugar from blood
liver - makes glycogen, reduces appetite

55
Q

What happens when there is too little sugar in blood

A

pancreas makes/releases glycogen
liver releases sugar, triggers hunger

56
Q

What is peristalsis

A

involuntary muscle
contractions which forms
waves that move the food
bolus along the digestive
tract

57
Q
A

Internal systems (6 decks)

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