Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Internal systems > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

How do animals get their food

(4 ways)

A

filter feeding - some whales
living in your food - parasites
fluid feeding - mosquitos
bulk feeding - snakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the animal diets

A

Herbivore
carnivores
omnivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Steps in getting and using food

IDAE

A

ingest, digest, absorb, eliminate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of digestion

(2)

A

Mechanical - breaking up food unto smaller pieces
Chemical - uses enzymes to break down food to be absorbed into cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Functions of Mouth

what enzyme used

A

Mechanical digestion
Saliva does chemical digestion
Amylase enzyme - digest starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is in saliva

A

mucus - protects soft lining of system
lubricates food
buffers - neutralizes acid
anti bact chemicals - kills bact that enter mouth
Amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of teeth and purplse

A

incisors - cutting
canines - tearing
premolars - tearing and grinding
molars - grinding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

names of mouth glands

A

parotid gland - back of mouth
sublingual gland - under tongue
submandibular gland - in jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what makes up the tongue

A

Papillae - cover tongue, houses taste buds
taste buds -bitter, sour, salty, sweet and umami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

a Bolus

A

what the tongue, saliva turn food into in the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the pharynx

A

connects oral cavity and to the esophagus
shared passageway with resp system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of cartilage
closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing
allows food to travel sown esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

esophagus (muscles, purpose)

A
  • Two layers of muscle
    circular and longitudinal
    ▪ Food is moved from the
    pharynx to the stomach
    Peristalsis - involuntary muscle
    contractions which forms
    waves that move the food
    bolus along the digestive
    tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

A

At the top of the esophagus
Skeletal muscles triggered by
swallowing reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

◆ Aka cardiac sphincter
◆ At the end of tube leading to stomach
◆ Under autonomic control
◆ Prevents stomach contents from
going back into esophagus
◆ Manages acid reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Acid reflux, Heartburn and
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) causes

A

When stomach acids go back up esophagus and lower sphincter
when lower sphincter doesn’t close properly
heartburn is mild
GERD frequent and damaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

explain vomiting (not that important probably)

A

expulsion of stomach stuff
gets rid of toxin
Vomitus: liquid contents being expelled
Mechanism:
◆ Relaxation of LES
◆ Contraction in small intestine and stomach
begin to move stomach contents into
esophagus
◆ Contraction of diaphragm and abdominal walls
squeeze stomach
◆ Results in expulsion of contents up the
esophagus and out through the mouth
◆ Epiglottis closes entrance to trachea as
breathing stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

stomach functions

enzyme used

A

disinfect - hydrochloric acid
food storage
digest protein - pepsin enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

lower esophageal sphincter
or cardiac sphincter location, purpose

A

right before stomach, prevents the food from leaving the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pyloric
sphincter location an purpose

A

right after the stomach, stops too much chyme from entering small intestine at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is rugae

A

folds in the stomach, allows stomach to expand and hold all that you need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Stomach tissue layers names

A

mucosa - very folded, secretes stomach juices
submucosa - hold blood vessels
muscularis - smooth muscle
serosa - hold stomach in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the stomach juices called, purpose

(3)

A

Hydrochloric acid - kills bact.
pepsinogen, - activated by acid into pepsin, breaks down protein into amino acids
Mucus - protects stomach from acid

24
Q

Passive transportation

A

◆ Transport of nutrients not requiring energy
◆ Follow concentration gradient
◆ From high to low concentration
◆ Classes: diffusion, facilitated diffusion,
osmosis (water)

25
active transportation
◆ Transport of nutrients requiring energy ◆ Against concentration gradient ◆ From low to high concentration ◆ Requires a transport protein
26
Parts of the small intestine
Duodenum - digestion jejunum - digestion and absorption ileum - absorption
27
Duodenum function
fist and shortest of small intestine does digestion and acid control secretin hormone is released to get gallbladder to make bicarbonate which raises ph neutralizes acid (also secretes lilpase, trypsin, amylase)
28
Pancreas, description, location
long flat gland upper abdomen, behind stomach spleen
29
Pancreas function enzyme names | and other function
Produces digestive enzymes Trypsin, chymotrypsin - turns proteins into amino acids amylase - starch/carbs into glucose lipase - for lipids into fatty acids and glycerol Also neutralizes acid from stomach brings these juices to duodenum
30
Trypsin, chymotrypsin purpose
turns protein into amino acids
31
Accessory organs meaning
organs that are connected to the gastrointestinal tract but food does not enter them ex. gallbladder, liver, pancreas, salivary glands
32
What are Exocrine mean, also some information about them
secretion of products from glands into ducts Acinar and duct cells make up 99% of pancreas cells secrete digestive enzymes and NaHCO3
33
What does Endocrine mean, also some information about them
Secretion of hormones directly in bloodstream alpha (make glucogen) , beta (make insulin), delta, f cells (probably not that important) make up 1% of pancreas cells
34
what are Enzymes
Enzyme - catalyst of chemical reaction, not used up in reaction, most are proteins, have a specific substrate
35
What are substrates also active sites
substrate - Molecules that bind to an enzyme at an active site
36
Name the hormones that stimulate the pancreas
Secretin Cholecystokinin Acetylcholine
37
When is secretin released also function | Hint: gas...
Released by the duodenum by the introduction of gastric acids released into bloodstream Makes pancreas release sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acids
38
When is cholecystokinin released (CCK)
Released by duodenum at the presence of dietary fat, hydrochloric acid and amino acids
39
When is Acetylcholine released
produced as a response to the sensory aspects of feeding and the physical effects of chewing and swallowing
40
What is a zymogen | plus example
inactive precursor of an enzyme requires activation for enzyme to work ex. trypsinogen for trypsin
41
Liver functions (5 things)
detoxify synthesis and storage of amino acids, proteins, vits and fats blood glucose regulation bile production and drainage blood circulation and filtration
42
Why can you have your gallbladder removed
it only stores bile does not make it
43
What does bile do, what is it made of
emulsifies fat stored in gallbladder made from cholesterol and bile salts allows for lipases to work
44
What are gallstones
crystallization of bile components can block bile duct and will hurt caused by too much cholesterol and bilirubin if not enough salt in bile surgery or shock wave lithotripsy
45
Large intestines function
re absorbs >90% of water by diffusion if not enough what is taken you have diarrhea if too much is taken you have constipation
46
Sections of large intestine
Cecum - prevents backflow Appendix - vestigial, can get appendicitis Colon - largest part, 4 sections Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid Rectum Anus
47
Function of colon and its 4 parts
Absorbs water, salts, residual nutrients, minerals, and vits Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid
48
what is the sphincter connecting the ileum to the cecum
ileocecal valve (sphincter)
49
What does E coli do in your intestine
digest cellulose - fruits and veg produce vitamins - vit K, vit B12, Thiamine, riboflavin generates gases
50
Causes of constipation and treatment
not enough water, exercise, fibre depression, stress some meds drink 8-10 cups of water exercise more eat fruits and veg
51
causes of diarrhea and treatment
not enough water is absorbed, is a way fo getting rid of toxins caused by viral of bact infection to treat : antibiotics, glucose solution
52
differences in digestive systems of carnivores and herbivores
Carnv - shorted digv tract, protein easier to digest than cellulose Herbv - longer tract, koalas have long cecum, harder to digest cellulose
53
Homeostasis
balancing of blood sugar levels
54
What happens when there is too much sugar in blood
Pancreas makes/releases insulin body cells take sugar from blood liver - makes glycogen, reduces appetite
55
What happens when there is too little sugar in blood
pancreas makes/releases glycogen liver releases sugar, triggers hunger
56
What is peristalsis
involuntary muscle contractions which forms waves that move the food bolus along the digestive tract
57

Internal systems (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions