Digestive system

Question 1

What is the alimentary tract

Answer 1

the tract from the mouth all the way to the anus

Question 2

What are the components of the small intestines

Answer 2

duodenum, jejunem and the ileum

Question 3

What are the components of the large intestines

Answer 3

Caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon.

Question 4

What is the route food takes

Answer 4

Oral cavity, pharynx, epiglottis followed by the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ilium, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum then anus.

Question 5

What is the mucosa membrane

Answer 5

A type of epithelial membrane that produces mucus.

Question 6

What is the composition of the mucosa membrane

Answer 6

• Epithelial tissue on the outside
• Under that is lamina propina- connective tissue under the epithelial which has blood vessels, nerve cells and macrophages.
• Under that is muscular is mucosa which is a thin muscular layer

Question 7

What is the submucosa

Answer 7

another connective tissue layer under the muscularis mucosa and before muscularis external

Question 8

What is the Muscularis externa

Answer 8

a layer of muscle under the submuscosa. It’s made up of two layers, a circular layer and a longitudinal layer on top of the circular layer

Question 9

what are the layers of mucosa in order

Answer 9

Epithelia, lamina propia, muscularis mucosa, submucosa then musclaris externa

Question 10

What cells Make up the oral cavity

Answer 10

stratified squamous.

Question 11

What are true two types of salivary glands

Answer 11

• small, found in the submucosa of the oral cavity and the tongue
• Large, located in:
  
  • sublingual (under the tongue)
  • submandibular ( behind the teeth)
  • parotid (in the cheeks)

Question 12

What is sublingual administration route

Answer 12

Drug is placed under the tongue.
Drug is absorbed rapidly and and has higher circulating levels. However not ideal for bad tasing and irritating drugs

Question 13

What is the buccal administration route

Answer 13

drug is placed on the cheek

Question 14

What is the oral administration route.

Answer 14

drug is swallowed. Easy and safe but slow absorption and first pass metabolism can reduce bioavailability

Question 15

What cells make up the gastric mucosa

Answer 15

simple columnar

Question 16

Properties of the gastric mucosa

Answer 16

has gastric glands which secrete into gastric pits

Question 17

Where are bile salts stored

Answer 17

In the gallbladder

Question 18

How are lipids digested and absorbed

Answer 18

• Bile salts produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder are released into the ilium via the bile duct.
• they emulsify the lipid by reducing surface tensions through lowering intermolecular bonds
• forms miscelles which have a greater surface area for lipase to act on
• lipase converts triglycerides into monoglyceride and fatty acids
• micelles deliver the fatty acids to the epithelium.
• fatty acids can pass through them membrane via diffusion
• er turn them back into fatty acids before the golgi turn them into chylomicrons by adding proteins to them.