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Bio Exam 5 > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

______ and ______ control digestive activities

A

Nerves, hormones

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2
Q

The function of the digestive system is to:

A
  1. bring food into the body
  2. digest it into nutrients that are absorbed by
    the body
  3. eliminate wastes out of the body.
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3
Q

Digestion is :

A

The process of breaking complex molecules into simpler molecules which can be absorbed in the GI tract

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4
Q

Absorption is:

A

The process of transporting molecules across the wall of the GI tract into
vessels to be transported to the liver.

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5
Q

chewing of food, churning action of the stomach, and segmentation of the
small intestine is which kind of digestion:

A

Mechanical digestion

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6
Q

action of enzymes and chemicals on foods is what kind of digestion?

A

Chemical

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7
Q

What type of epithelial tissue lines the GI tract?

  1. Simple cuboidal
  2. Simple squamous
  3. Simple columnar
  4. Stratified sqamous
A
  1. Simple columnar
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8
Q

Along most of its length, the wall of the digestive system has four basic layers, what are they:

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
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9
Q

a mucous membrane that lines theGI tract and secretes

mucus that lubricates and protects the GI tract is describing what layer of the wall of the digestive system?

A

Mucosa

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10
Q

The submucosa is:

A

a layer of connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.

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11
Q

Muscularis is:

A

made up of two layers of smooth muscle—one circular and

one longitudinal.

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12
Q

The serosa is:

A

a connective tissue covering that secretes a fluid to lubricate the
outside of the GI tract.

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13
Q

The open area inside the GI tract is the ______

A

lumen

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14
Q

________ cells secrete digestive enzymes

A

Glandular epithelial

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15
Q

_______ cells secrete mucus, which lubricates

A

Goblet

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16
Q

__________ cells line the lumen

A

Simple columnar epithelial

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17
Q

_____ is the layer of connective tissue with nerves, blood supply, lymph vessels.

A

Submucosa

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18
Q

The ____ Protect us from disease, nerves stimulate muscles, transport of nutrients.

A

submucosa

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19
Q

_____ Functions to mix and moves food

A

Muscularis

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20
Q

The fluid secreted by the serosa functions to :

A

reduce friction between moving layers of tissue.

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21
Q 
Which is a layer of connective tissue with 
nerves, blood supply, lymph vessels
A. Mucosa
B. Submucosa
C. Muscularis
D. Serosa
A

B. Submucosa

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22
Q

The major GI Tract (Alimentary Canal)

components:

A 
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
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23
Q

The digestive organs are aided by several

accessory organs, they are:

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Liver

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24
Q

_____ is specialized for tasting, speech, moistening food, and mechanical and enzymatic digestion.

A

the mouth

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25
Q

The mouth contains:

A

salivary glands, tongue, teeth, tonsils, uvula

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26
Q

______secretes salivary amylase that begins the process of digesting starch

A

Salivary glands

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27
Q

Salivary amylase begins the process of digesting ____

A

starch

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28
Q

______ mixes chewed food with saliva

A

Tongue

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29
Q

Teeth functions:

A

break food into smaller pieces

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30
Q

Tonsils function:

A

protect against infections

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31
Q

____ functions to work with the soft palate, to close off the nasopharynx during swallowing

A

Uvula

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32
Q

Functions of saliva:

A 
Moistens food
Dissolves the chemicals in the food
Contains the enzyme, salivary amylase
Begins digestion of starch
 Produced by salivary glands
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33
Q

Functions of the tongue:

A

A large skeletal muscle with taste buds
Important in speech
Helps form food into a bolus

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34
Q

Bolus is:

A

A soft mass of food, suitable for swallowing

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35
Q

Where is the pharynx:

A

behind the uvula where the nasal and oral cavities join

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36
Q

____ is a Common passageway for air, liquids, and food.

A

Pharynx

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37
Q

Swallowing reflex begins in the :

A

Pharynx

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38
Q

______ covers opening in the larynx that

leads to the trachea when swallowing

A

epiglottis

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39
Q

The esophagus is:

A

passage that connects the pharynx to the stomach

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40
Q

No digestive processes occur in the ____

A

esophagus

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41
Q

Food is pushed through our digestive
system by a series of muscular
contractions called _______

A

peristalsis

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42
Q

Sphincters are :

A

circular muscles that control the
entrance and exit of materials to and from the
stomach.

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43
Q

“GERD” is:

A

gastro-esophogeal reflux disease.

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44
Q

Acid Reflux is:

A

heartburn occurs when partially
digested food comes back up into the
esophagus and produces a burning sensation.

45
Q

There are ____ layers of smooth muscle

A

three

46
Q

The stomach breaks up food through ________

A

muscular contractions

47
Q

The food that leaves the stomach is only ______

A

partially digested.

48
Q

The functions of the stomach include:

A
  1. Responsible for the storage of food
  2. Turns food into a soupy mixture called
    chyme
  3. Adds digestive enzymes and acids that
    begin chemical digestion of proteins
49
Q

3 layers of smooth muscle in the stomach:

A

Longitudinal layer of muscle, circular layer of muscle, oblique layer of muscle

50
Q

chyme functions :

A

Turns food into a soupy mixture called

51
Q

The thick soupy acidic liquid that leaves the stomach is called:

  1. chylomicrons
  2. bolus
  3. chyme
  4. feces
A
  1. chyme
52
Q

Gastric glands secrete:

A

pepsin, Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

53
Q

pepsin is :

A

The digestive enzyme that begins the digestion of proteins.

54
Q

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is :

A

strong acid that kills bacteria, aids in the digestion of proteins, begins
to break down connective tissues, and activates pepsin.

55
Q

Very little nutrition is actually absorbed into the

blood stream from the stomach, the exceptions include:

A

alcohol and some drugs including aspirin

56
Q 
How many layers of smooth muscle are in the wall 
of the stomach?
1. One
2. Two
3. Three
4. Four
A
  1. Three
57
Q

What is the muscular tube that passes foodstuffs from the pharynx to the stomach?

  1. Trachea
  2. Larynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Small intestine
A
  1. Esophagus
58
Q

The primary function of the stomach is:

  1. to break down fats
  2. to store food, liquefy, begin digestion
  3. to absorb major nutrients
  4. package feces
A
  1. to store food, liquefy, begin digestion
59
Q

Duodenum functions:

A

receives chyme from stomach and secretions from pancreas and liver

60
Q

Jejunum funtions:

A

region of most digestion and nutrient absorption

61
Q

Function of the Small Intestine

A
  1. This is the primary site of digestion (mainly chemical, but also mechanical)
  2. Where most (80%) of the nutrients are absorbed into the body.
62
Q

Secretions from the _____, _____, and _____ enter the small intestine

A

pancreas, liver and gall bladder

63
Q

______ muscles surround the intestine to push the food through the digestive tract.

A

Smooth

64
Q

The digestion of complex molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids) in the small intestine is aided by:

A
  1. enzymes in the wall of the small intestine and released from the
    pancreas
  2. and by bile from the gall bladder
65
Q

The lining of the small intestine is:

A

Pleated (has folds) (circular folds)

66
Q

The pleats of the small intestine have numerous finger-like

projections called _____ to increase surface area

A

villi

67
Q

The villi in the pleats of the small intestine ____ (increase/decrease) surface area

A

increase

68
Q

Villi (villus, singular) functions

A

greatly increase the absorption area of the small intestine.

69
Q

Villi contain blood capillaries and lymphatic vessels called ______

A

lacteals

70
Q

Lacteals function:

A

absorb fatty acids

71
Q

Blood capillaries function:

A

absorb nutrients including glucose and amino acids.

72
Q

Absorption is when :

A

once complex molecules are
broken down into smaller molecules, they are
transported across the intestine wall.

73
Q

Each villus is covered with ______

A

microvilli

74
Q

microvilli functions :

A

Gives the small intestine a velvety appearance, increases the surface area

75
Q

Microvilli is called the ______

A

brush border

76
Q

By the time the food enters the large intestine most of the nutrients have been ______

A

removed

77
Q

Large Intestine - Functions

A
  1. Water, salts, & vitamins are absorbed from the large intestine, adjusting the consistency of the waste material, to form feces
  2. Stores feces
  3. Eliminates feces from the body
78
Q

Colon is the :

A

largest portion of the large intestine

79
Q

The undigested food residue that leaves the colon is called the _____

A

feces

80
Q

Rectum functions:

A

holds feces temporarily and opens into the anus.

81
Q

Anus function:

A

has sphincter muscles controls defecation (reflex action).

82
Q

Nutrients are primarily absorbed in the:

  1. Stomach
  2. Small Intestine
  3. Large Intestine
A
  1. Small Intestine
83
Q

The liver produces _______, which is stored in the gallbladder before
being released into the small intestine.

A

bile

84
Q

The pancreas releases ________ into the small intestine to aid in digestion

A

secretions

85
Q

The pancreas is also a gland that releases ______

A

hormones

86
Q

Pancreas - Functions

A
  1. Produces the hormones into the bloodstream which regulate glucose levels.
  2. Secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine.
  3. Secretes bicarbonate ions into the small intestine to neutralize the acid in the chyme
87
Q

The pancreas secretes two hormones into the blood to regulate glucose levels those hormones are:

A

Insulin and glucagon

88
Q

Insulin functions:

A

decreases blood glucose levels.

89
Q

Glucagon functions:

A

increases blood glucose levels.

90
Q

The pancreas produce and release four types of enzymes into the small intestine:

A

amylase, trypsin, lipase, nucleases

91
Q

amylase functions:

A

amylase - digests starch

92
Q

trypsin functions:

A
  • digest proteins
93
Q

lipase functions:

A

digests fats

94
Q

nucleases functions:

A

digest nucleic acids

95
Q

Liver functions in digestion:

A
  1. Produces Bile
  2. Processes (metabolizes) nutrients from the GI tract.
  3. Metabolizes drugs and toxins
  4. Produces plasma proteins.
  5. Breaks old blood cells down, producing bilirubin
  6. Breaks down amino acids, forming urea
  7. Stores iron and fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12.
  8. Stores glucose as glycogen.
  9. Regulates the quantity of cholesterol in the blood
96
Q

The liver produces bile which helps to ______

A

break down fats - emulsifies fat

97
Q

Gall bladder functions:

A

stores excess bile.

98
Q

What is the monomer unit of starch?

  1. Amino acids
  2. Fatty acids
  3. Glucose
  4. Glycerol
A
  1. Glucose
99
Q

What is the monomer unit of proteins?

  1. Amino acids
  2. Fatty acids
  3. Glucose
  4. Glycerol
A
  1. Amino acids
100
Q

What is the monomer unit of DNA and RNA?

  1. Amino acids
  2. Fatty acids
  3. Glucose
  4. Nucleotides
A
  1. Nucleotides
101
Q

Bile is produced by:

  1. Pancreas
  2. Gall Bladder
  3. Liver
  4. Small Intestine
A
  1. Liver
102
Q 
The digestive enzyme responsible for fat 
digestion is: 
1. Pepsin
2. Pepsidase
3. Lipase
4. Bile
A
  1. Lipase
103
Q

Lipase is secreted from

  1. Small intestine
  2. Stomach
  3. Pancreas
  4. Large intestine
A
  1. Pancreas
104
Q

The digestive enzyme responsible for breaking
proteins down and released in the stomach is:
1. Pepsin
2. Pepsidase
3. Lipase
4. Trypsin

A
  1. Pepsin
105
Q

Trypsin is secreted from

  1. Small intestine
  2. Stomach
  3. Pancreas
  4. Large intestine
A
  1. Pancreas
106
Q 
Which layer of the digestive tract is a layer of connective tissue with nerves, blood supply, lymph vessels?
  Muscularis 
  Mucosa 
  Submucosa 
  Serosa
A

Submucosa

107
Q 
Which of the following increases blood glucose levels?
  parathyroid hormone 
  pepsin 
  glucagon 
  insulin
A

glucagon

108
Q

Which of the following enzymes digests proteins and is released into the small intesine?

  bile 
  amylase 
  nucleases 
  pepsin 
  trypsin
A

trypsin

Bio Exam 5 (5 decks)

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