DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
______ and ______ control digestive activities
A
Nerves, hormones
2
Q
The function of the digestive system is to:
A
- bring food into the body
- digest it into nutrients that are absorbed by
the body - eliminate wastes out of the body.
3
Q
Digestion is :
A
The process of breaking complex molecules into simpler molecules which can be absorbed in the GI tract
4
Q
Absorption is:
A
The process of transporting molecules across the wall of the GI tract into
vessels to be transported to the liver.
5
Q
chewing of food, churning action of the stomach, and segmentation of the
small intestine is which kind of digestion:
A
Mechanical digestion
6
Q
action of enzymes and chemicals on foods is what kind of digestion?
A
Chemical
7
Q
What type of epithelial tissue lines the GI tract?
- Simple cuboidal
- Simple squamous
- Simple columnar
- Stratified sqamous
A
- Simple columnar
8
Q
Along most of its length, the wall of the digestive system has four basic layers, what are they:
A
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis
- Serosa
9
Q
a mucous membrane that lines theGI tract and secretes
mucus that lubricates and protects the GI tract is describing what layer of the wall of the digestive system?
A
Mucosa
10
Q
The submucosa is:
A
a layer of connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.
11
Q
Muscularis is:
A
made up of two layers of smooth muscle—one circular and
one longitudinal.
12
Q
The serosa is:
A
a connective tissue covering that secretes a fluid to lubricate the
outside of the GI tract.
13
Q
The open area inside the GI tract is the ______
A
lumen
14
Q
________ cells secrete digestive enzymes
A
Glandular epithelial
15
Q
_______ cells secrete mucus, which lubricates
A
Goblet
16
Q
__________ cells line the lumen
A
Simple columnar epithelial
17
Q
_____ is the layer of connective tissue with nerves, blood supply, lymph vessels.
A
Submucosa
18
Q
The ____ Protect us from disease, nerves stimulate muscles, transport of nutrients.
A
submucosa
19
Q
_____ Functions to mix and moves food
A
Muscularis
20
Q
The fluid secreted by the serosa functions to :
A
reduce friction between moving layers of tissue.
21
Q
Which is a layer of connective tissue with nerves, blood supply, lymph vessels A. Mucosa B. Submucosa C. Muscularis D. Serosa
A
B. Submucosa
22
Q
The major GI Tract (Alimentary Canal)
components:
A
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
23
Q
The digestive organs are aided by several
accessory organs, they are:
A
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Liver
24
Q
_____ is specialized for tasting, speech, moistening food, and mechanical and enzymatic digestion.
A
the mouth
25
The mouth contains:
salivary glands, tongue, teeth, tonsils, uvula
26
______secretes salivary amylase that begins the process of digesting starch
Salivary glands
27
Salivary amylase begins the process of digesting ____
starch
28
______ mixes chewed food with saliva
Tongue
29
Teeth functions:
break food into smaller pieces
30
Tonsils function:
protect against infections
31
____ functions to work with the soft palate, to close off the nasopharynx during swallowing
Uvula
32
Functions of saliva:
```
Moistens food
Dissolves the chemicals in the food
Contains the enzyme, salivary amylase
Begins digestion of starch
Produced by salivary glands
```
33
Functions of the tongue:
A large skeletal muscle with taste buds
Important in speech
Helps form food into a bolus
34
Bolus is:
A soft mass of food, suitable for swallowing
35
Where is the pharynx:
behind the uvula where the nasal and oral cavities join
36
____ is a Common passageway for air, liquids, and food.
Pharynx
37
Swallowing reflex begins in the :
Pharynx
38
______ covers opening in the larynx that
| leads to the trachea when swallowing
epiglottis
39
The esophagus is:
passage that connects the pharynx to the stomach
40
No digestive processes occur in the ____
esophagus
41
Food is pushed through our digestive
system by a series of muscular
contractions called _______
peristalsis
42
Sphincters are :
circular muscles that control the
entrance and exit of materials to and from the
stomach.
43
“GERD” is:
gastro-esophogeal reflux disease.
44
Acid Reflux is:
heartburn occurs when partially
digested food comes back up into the
esophagus and produces a burning sensation.
45
There are ____ layers of smooth muscle
three
46
The stomach breaks up food through ________
muscular contractions
47
The food that leaves the stomach is only ______
partially digested.
48
The functions of the stomach include:
1. Responsible for the storage of food
2. Turns food into a soupy mixture called
chyme
3. Adds digestive enzymes and acids that
begin chemical digestion of proteins
49
3 layers of smooth muscle in the stomach:
Longitudinal layer of muscle, circular layer of muscle, oblique layer of muscle
50
chyme functions :
Turns food into a soupy mixture called
51
The thick soupy acidic liquid that leaves the stomach is called:
1. chylomicrons
2. bolus
3. chyme
4. feces
3. chyme
52
Gastric glands secrete:
pepsin, Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
53
pepsin is :
The digestive enzyme that begins the digestion of proteins.
54
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is :
strong acid that kills bacteria, aids in the digestion of proteins, begins
to break down connective tissues, and activates pepsin.
55
Very little nutrition is actually absorbed into the
| blood stream from the stomach, the exceptions include:
alcohol and some drugs including aspirin
56
```
How many layers of smooth muscle are in the wall
of the stomach?
1. One
2. Two
3. Three
4. Four
```
3. Three
57
What is the muscular tube that passes foodstuffs from the pharynx to the stomach?
1. Trachea
2. Larynx
3. Esophagus
4. Small intestine
3. Esophagus
58
The primary function of the stomach is:
1. to break down fats
2. to store food, liquefy, begin digestion
3. to absorb major nutrients
4. package feces
2. to store food, liquefy, begin digestion
59
Duodenum functions:
receives chyme from stomach and secretions from pancreas and liver
60
Jejunum funtions:
region of most digestion and nutrient absorption
61
Function of the Small Intestine
1. This is the primary site of digestion (mainly chemical, but also mechanical)
2. Where most (80%) of the nutrients are absorbed into the body.
62
Secretions from the _____, _____, and _____ enter the small intestine
pancreas, liver and gall bladder
63
______ muscles surround the intestine to push the food through the digestive tract.
Smooth
64
The digestion of complex molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids) in the small intestine is aided by:
1. enzymes in the wall of the small intestine and released from the
pancreas
2. and by bile from the gall bladder
65
The lining of the small intestine is:
Pleated (has folds) (circular folds)
66
The pleats of the small intestine have numerous finger-like
| projections called _____ to increase surface area
villi
67
The villi in the pleats of the small intestine ____ (increase/decrease) surface area
increase
68
Villi (villus, singular) functions
greatly increase the absorption area of the small intestine.
69
Villi contain blood capillaries and lymphatic vessels called ______
lacteals
70
Lacteals function:
absorb fatty acids
71
Blood capillaries function:
absorb nutrients including glucose and amino acids.
72
Absorption is when :
once complex molecules are
broken down into smaller molecules, they are
transported across the intestine wall.
73
Each villus is covered with ______
microvilli
74
microvilli functions :
Gives the small intestine a velvety appearance, increases the surface area
75
Microvilli is called the ______
brush border
76
By the time the food enters the large intestine most of the nutrients have been ______
removed
77
Large Intestine - Functions
1. Water, salts, & vitamins are absorbed from the large intestine, adjusting the consistency of the waste material, to form feces
2. Stores feces
3. Eliminates feces from the body
78
Colon is the :
largest portion of the large intestine
79
The undigested food residue that leaves the colon is called the _____
feces
80
Rectum functions:
holds feces temporarily and opens into the anus.
81
Anus function:
has sphincter muscles controls defecation (reflex action).
82
Nutrients are primarily absorbed in the:
1. Stomach
2. Small Intestine
3. Large Intestine
2. Small Intestine
83
The liver produces _______, which is stored in the gallbladder before
being released into the small intestine.
bile
84
The pancreas releases ________ into the small intestine to aid in digestion
secretions
85
The pancreas is also a gland that releases ______
hormones
86
Pancreas - Functions
1. Produces the hormones into the bloodstream which regulate glucose levels.
2. Secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine.
3. Secretes bicarbonate ions into the small intestine to neutralize the acid in the chyme
87
The pancreas secretes two hormones into the blood to regulate glucose levels those hormones are:
Insulin and glucagon
88
Insulin functions:
decreases blood glucose levels.
89
Glucagon functions:
increases blood glucose levels.
90
The pancreas produce and release four types of enzymes into the small intestine:
amylase, trypsin, lipase, nucleases
91
amylase functions:
amylase - digests starch
92
trypsin functions:
- digest proteins
93
lipase functions:
digests fats
94
nucleases functions:
digest nucleic acids
95
Liver functions in digestion:
1. Produces Bile
2. Processes (metabolizes) nutrients from the GI tract.
3. Metabolizes drugs and toxins
4. Produces plasma proteins.
5. Breaks old blood cells down, producing bilirubin
6. Breaks down amino acids, forming urea
7. Stores iron and fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12.
8. Stores glucose as glycogen.
9. Regulates the quantity of cholesterol in the blood
96
The liver produces bile which helps to ______
break down fats - emulsifies fat
97
Gall bladder functions:
stores excess bile.
98
What is the monomer unit of starch?
1. Amino acids
2. Fatty acids
3. Glucose
4. Glycerol
3. Glucose
99
What is the monomer unit of proteins?
1. Amino acids
2. Fatty acids
3. Glucose
4. Glycerol
1. Amino acids
100
What is the monomer unit of DNA and RNA?
1. Amino acids
2. Fatty acids
3. Glucose
4. Nucleotides
4. Nucleotides
101
Bile is produced by:
1. Pancreas
2. Gall Bladder
3. Liver
4. Small Intestine
3. Liver
102
```
The digestive enzyme responsible for fat
digestion is:
1. Pepsin
2. Pepsidase
3. Lipase
4. Bile
```
3. Lipase
103
Lipase is secreted from
1. Small intestine
2. Stomach
3. Pancreas
4. Large intestine
3. Pancreas
104
The digestive enzyme responsible for breaking
proteins down and released in the stomach is:
1. Pepsin
2. Pepsidase
3. Lipase
4. Trypsin
1. Pepsin
105
Trypsin is secreted from
1. Small intestine
2. Stomach
3. Pancreas
4. Large intestine
3. Pancreas
106
```
Which layer of the digestive tract is a layer of connective tissue with nerves, blood supply, lymph vessels?
Muscularis
Mucosa
Submucosa
Serosa
```
Submucosa
107
```
Which of the following increases blood glucose levels?
parathyroid hormone
pepsin
glucagon
insulin
```
glucagon
108
Which of the following enzymes digests proteins and is released into the small intesine?
```
bile
amylase
nucleases
pepsin
trypsin
```
trypsin
