digestive system

Question 1

brachydont teeth

Answer 1

low-crowned teeth, root imbedded in jaw bone, enamel covers entire tooth

Question 2

hypsodont teeth

Answer 2

teeth made for more wear and tear, high crowned teeth

grow continually

Question 3

mono gastric digestion

Answer 3

performed by animals own digestive enzymes until partially digested enters intestines L intestine has many microorganisms that digest through fermentation

Question 4

ruminants

Answer 4

complex stomachs

microorganisms have 1st opportunity to digest feed. large intestine as well

Question 5

4 major functions of digestive system

Answer 5

• ingestion, mastication, digestion, elimination

Question 6

major organs od GIT (6)

Answer 6

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intsetine
big ol tube

Question 7

accessory organs of GIT

Answer 7

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder

Question 8

lumen

Answer 8

long tube from mouth to anus, opening in middle of intestinal tract is lumen, site of partially digested feed

Question 9

mucosa

Answer 9

next to lumen, innermost layer
made of epithelial tissue, involved in most digestive absoprtive and secretory processes.
goblet cells to secrete mucus and villi for nutrient absorption

Question 10

submucosse

Answer 10

under mucosa, connective tissue, contains blood and lymph vessels and nerves

Question 11

serosa

Answer 11

outermost layer, loose connective tissue, reduces friction from muscle movements

Question 12

prehension

Answer 12

ingestion of food
can involve teeth, tongue, lips, and movement of head and jaws
incisors for cutting grass or capture prey

Question 13

what bone are the lower tech in?

Answer 13

mandible

Question 14

what bone are upper canines, molars and premolars in>

Answer 14

maxilla/maxillary bone

Question 15

upper incisor location

Answer 15

premaxilla/incisive bone

Question 16

teeth function

Answer 16

particle size reduction
food gathering
protective function
mastication

Question 17

order of the teeth from upper front to lower front

Answer 17

incisors
canine
premolars
molars
lower molars
premolars
canine
incisors

Question 18

pharynx/throat

Answer 18

common passage for food and air

connects nasal and oral cavities w trachea and esophagus respectively

Question 19

mucus

Answer 19

produced in mouth, nose, sinuses, throat, lungs, and throughout the gastrointestinal tract

Question 20

mucus function

Answer 20

lubricant
contains antibodies, enzymes, proteins to attack microbes
protects mucosa in GIT from enzymes and acids

Question 21

esophagus

Answer 21

collapsable muscular tube that extends from pharynx to stomach
goes down w peristalsis
cardiac sphincter at gastric end to prevent back flow of acidic contents from the stomach in the case of non-ruminants

Question 22

functions of simple stomach

Answer 22

storage and mechanical breakdown of ingested food. secretes digestive juices
production of intrinsic factor to facilitate bit. b12 absorption

Question 23

cardia

Answer 23

part of the simple stomach - entrance to the stomach at junction of esophagus and stomach
named after proximity to heart
mucus glands to secrete alkaline mucus against damage from gastric acids

Question 24

fundus

Answer 24

distensible sac - basically top of stomach
prominent ruge - allows to expand and hold a meal
increase surface area for absorption

Question 25

rugae

Answer 25

transient folds in mucosa, allows stomach to expand | mucus produced from it to protect cells from acid

Question 26

body/corpus

Answer 26

mixing tank, size dependent on extent of filling. largest section of the stomach

Question 27

pyloric

Answer 27

muscular sphincter present to regulate flow fo chyme into small intestine and prevent duodenal contents into stomach

Question 28

esophageal mucosa

Answer 28

by cardia, secretes mucu jk doesnt do that

Question 29

where is mucus secreted in non-ruminants

Answer 29

esophageal, cardiac gland region, fund gland region | pyloric gland region

Question 30

which stomach is most similar to simple stomach in ruminants

Answer 30

ABOMASUM - last stomach

Question 31

reticular groove

Answer 31

mucosa form a muscular fold or groove/tube that connects cardia of esophagus to omasum so milk will bypass underdeveloped reticulum/rumen so it won't sour

Question 32

reticulum

Answer 32

honeycomb structure, can get hardware disease, pumps liquid to rumen and regulates outflow of digests to rumen and omasum

Question 33

reticulorumen

Answer 33

fermentation vat where ingested feed is fermented by microorganisms, site of chemical digestion rumen is like a rug rumen also mechanically/physically digests bc of mixing actions

Question 34

4 Rs of rumination

Answer 34

regurgitation, remasticating, reensalivation and reswallowing. done to reduce particle size

Question 35

forage particle size

Answer 35

smaller forage is easier to eat more, also influences rumen health, greater particle size means more chewing lactating cows get larger particle size to increase rumination mixing for saliva secretion, increases milk fat

Question 36

small intestinw

Answer 36

most of the digestion duodenum, jejenum, ileum pancreas and hepatic bile ent to provide secretions to aid digestive process jejunum is longest section and site of most digestion and absorption ileum is extensive mucus secretion

Question 37

large intestine

Answer 37

includes cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. | wide diameter, species differences on the extent of fermentation

Question 38

large intestine function

Answer 38

microbial fermentation and vitamin synthesis in cecum and colon electrolyte and water absorption fecal formation expulsion of shit

Question 39

species differences for LI

Answer 39

horses have larger large intestine to maximize fermentation. large capacity

Question 40

salivary gland

Answer 40

used for saliva production

Question 41

digestive function of salivary gland

Answer 41

``` dissolves food to aid taste and start digestion amylase for starch digestion mucus forms bolus buffers acidic foods, protective thermoregulation ```

Question 42

pancreas

Answer 42

``` runs by descending duodenum endocrine function (makes hormones like insulin) exocrine function (digestive enzymes, sodium bicarb) ```

Question 43

liver

Answer 43

largest gland in the body , first organ to process blood from GIT, metabolic powerhouse of the body removal of waste products synthesis of bile salts

Question 44

gall bladder

Answer 44

in all domestic animals except for horses concentrate and stores bile for fat digestion bile enters duodenum