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ANSC 2340 > bones and cartilage > Flashcards

bones and cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

bone composition w/o water

A 
organic matter (carbon containing compounds - carbohydrates, protiens, lipids, nucleic acids)
inorganic matter (minerals aka ash)
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2
Q

how much of bone is organic tissue

A

33%, comprised of fibrous tissues + cells
fibrous tissues:
- collagen
-protien and carbohydrate

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3
Q

chondroitin sulfate purpose in bones

A

provides resistance to compression in day to day activities - sometimes taken to combat osteoarthritis.

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4
Q

role of organic tissue in bone

A

provides resilience, toughness and flexibility

- ability to return to go form.

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5
Q

inorganic salts in bone

A 
make up 67% dry matter
- 80% CaP
- 20% CaCO3 and magnesium phosphate 
- lots of Ca, 1cc/g
99% body Ca in bones and teeth
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6
Q

functions of salts and minerals in bone

A
  • Hardness
  • Rigidity
  • Resistance to x-rays
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7
Q

decalcification of bone

A

done by applying acid treatment. would result in all rigidity being eliminated making bone flexible

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8
Q

what would happen if all organic tissue was removed from bone?

A

removes all of the framework so it would literally turn into dust.

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9
Q

how much of bone is water?

A

25%

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10
Q

bone mineral primary constituents and their ratio

A

Ca:P in a 2:1 ratio

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11
Q

compositon of entire bone (w water)

A

25% water
~45% mineral content
30% organic matter

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12
Q

what major organs does the skull protect?

A

brain, eyes and ears.

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13
Q

protective functions of bone

A
  • skull
  • vertebral column for spinal cord
  • rib cage for heart and lungs
  • pelvis for repro, bladder and some of digestive tract
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14
Q

functions of bone

A 
protective
gives the body structure
acts as a lever for locomotion
mineral storage
blood formation
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15
Q

osteoblasts

A

synthesize bone
produces bone matrix
produces collagen and ground stubstance
calcification of matrix

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16
Q

when osteoblasts synthesize bone, what do they do?

A
  1. soft flexible matrix of organic tissue secreted made of collagen fibres and polysaccharides and protien (called GAGS) aka osteoid
  2. harden the matrix via ossification
    - get trapped in the ossified matrix to make osteocytes
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17
Q

canaliculi

A

tubes that supply blood to osteocytes via development of cytoplasmic extensions

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18
Q

cancellous bone

A

aka spongy
central part w spaces filled w marrow and blood vessels. deals w muscles, gravity and other bones.
found on the ends of long bones. contains the red marrow which makes blood for animal.

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19
Q

cancellous bone characteristics

A

spongy, lightweight, very strong. has red marrow

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20
Q

age effect on red marrow

A

in compact bone, present in young but converted to yellow as ages.

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21
Q

what is the primary source to synthesize blood cells?

A

rib+sternum marrow

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22
Q

compact bone characteristics

A

heavy, dense, strong

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23
Q

compact bone

A

outside layer of all bones, shafts of long bones. many tiny compacted cylinders of bone, each cylinder contains central canal containing blood vessels, lymphatic and nerves. ossified bone matrix forms the tube/cylinder

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24
Q

lamellae

A

ossified bone matrix/bone., support system and cells involved

25
Q

Haversian or osteonal systems

A

tight compact cylinders of bone, made of central canal that contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. contacts each other via canaliculi for nutrient and waste exchange

26
Q

components of long bone

A 
epiphysis 
diaphysis
epiphyseal plate/physis
articular cartilage 
endosteum
periosteum
27
Q

epiphysis

A

located on extremities. made of spongy bone, provides lightness and strength. shock absorbers and levers. covered in compact bone covering the whole bone.

28
Q

diaphysis

A

aka shaft

contains marrow or medullary cavity. covered in compact bone, where bone can increase in diameter

29
Q

epiphyseal plate/physis

A

aka growth plate. cartilage between ends and long bone. where bones increase in length, prone to breaking

30
Q

articular cartilage

A

on surface of compact bone where it contacts there bones to make a joint.
made of hyaline cartilage. reduces friction and wear/tear in joints

31
Q

endosteum

A

membrane that lines the surfaces surrounding or facing medullary cavity - can make or destroy bones.
made of connective tissue
involved in bone growth, repair, and remodeling

32
Q

periosteum

A

covers all bones, outer layer made of CT like collagen
inner layer w osteoblasts
synthesizes and secretes organic matrix.
needed in all ages of animals ppl

33
Q

periosteum function

A

increase shaft and diameter, heal fractures/ bone breaks

34
Q

red marrow

A

common in the young
in limited areas in older animals
blood forming

35
Q

yellow marrow

A 
hard and fatty
stores fat
no blood forming capabilities
most common type
can revert back to red
36
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cell, maintains bone matrix, can be recruited for osteoblasts

37
Q

osteoclasts

A

large and motile cells
from stem cells in marrow and spleen, breaks down bone. cells present for normal bone turnover and repairing breaks and fractures.

38
Q

long bones

A

longer than wide
grows from the ends
many limb bones (humerus, radius, ulna, tibia etc

39
Q

long bone functions

A

levers
support weight
locomotion/movement
prehension

40
Q

short bone

A

cubic shape, no marrow cavity.

many movements, shock absorption required. like hands and feet

41
Q

flat bones

A

thin and expanded in 2 dimensions

- protects vital organs, inc skull bones, ribs, frontal bone, nasal bone

42
Q

sesamoid bones

A

like a sesame seed, protects tendons, like the patella

43
Q

irregular bones

A

unpaired bones, have complex shape, work for protection, support and muscle attachment
like vertabrae and skull bones

44
Q

cartilage function

A

forms attachments w bones, inserted between joint surfaces of bones
supporting framework for soft structures
v important for rest tract
starting point for bone synthesis

45
Q

cartilage synthesis

A

done by chondrocytes derived from mesenchyme (undergo mitosis and matrix formation)

46
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

glassy appearance

found in joint surfaces, smooth surfaces, costal cartilage

47
Q

elastic cartilage

A

shape, structure, and flexibility.

yellow in colour. inner ear, epiglottis, larynx.

48
Q

fibro cartilage

A

semielastic cushion of strength in intervertebral discs of the spine
also in ligaments and knee joint and pelvic bones
strongest cartilage

49
Q

how does cartilage differ from bone

A

softness- softer
more flexible and resilient than bone
bone is better at regenerating

50
Q

ossification or osteogenesis

A

bone formation, no effect on structure, similar basis in mechanism, deposited tissue gets calcified,

51
Q

heteroplastic bone formation

A

non-skeletal sites, aka visceral skeleton

  • os penis to aid mating
  • os cordis to support heart valves
  • os rostri - in pigs to strengthen noses for rooting behaviour
52
Q

intramembranosus ossification

A

synthesis of membrane bone - simple and direct method. no cartilage involved at all

53
Q

enochondral ossification

A

develops from cartilage template - in utero

major method for bone formation

54
Q

postnatal growth

A

adding bone to outer surface, increases size of medullary cavity bc of osteoclasts.
bone at full size - plate gets ossified, no more cartilage.
capacity to remodel bone

55
Q

bone remodelling effect of stress on bones

A

decreases muscle mass, also decreases mobility. an increase in muscle mass increases bone mass

56
Q

what is bone remodeling

A

turnover of bone structure, bone is a dynamic living tissue

57
Q

when blood serum is low what happens

A

parathyroid hormone increases he release of Ca salts from bones

58
Q

parathyroid hormone action on osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes

A

Osteoclasts ? - incresae
Osteoblasts ?- decrease
Osteocytes ?- increase

ANSC 2340 (13 decks)

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