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ANSC 2340 > adipose tissue > Flashcards

adipose tissue Flashcards

1
Q

importance of fat deposition

A

essential for life

  • protects organs (like kidneys)
  • fat stores result of tremendous inputs of feed energy
  • fat deposited when energy inputs exceed requirements
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2
Q

role of carcass fats

A

fat no longer desirable

- calories, health concerns, alternative fatty acid sources, fat removal. wanting lean meat w superior eating quality.

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3
Q

classification of adipose tissue

A

modified connective tissue, energy store

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4
Q

functions of faTS

A

thermal insulator
mechanical shock absorber
improves appearance of a finished carcass
improves palatability/eating quality for meats

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5
Q

energy store fats vs CHO and protien?

A

2.25X energy in fats vs CHO/protien

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6
Q

how does adipose tissue contribute to carcass quality

A

gives carcass a finished appearance
beef - 2mm fat cover and marbling required to be classified as high quality beef
too much fat (beef and pork) means a lower return for producers.

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7
Q

what does marbling do

A

increase tenderness and juiciness/flavour

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8
Q

where is adipose tissue located

A
  • under skin (sub Q)
  • between muscles (inter muscular)
  • behind eyeballs
  • surface of heart and kidneys
  • around joints
  • in bone marrow
  • abdomen
  • within muscle (intramuscular)
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9
Q

origin of adipose tissue

A

fetal synthesis

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10
Q

mesenchyme

A

mesoderm cells that synthesize connective tissues

synthesis of blood, skeletal tissues, lymphatic cells, connective tissues

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11
Q

fibroblasts

A

same cells that produce collagen and elastin can produce adipose tissue, located wherever fat may develop in body
- differentiates by signals from various hormones

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12
Q

adipocyte

A

cell filled w lipid
- only small amounts of cytoplasm
= lower water content, high dry matter
mature cells >95% lipid or triglyceride

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13
Q

starter diet in farm animals

A

v concentrated in nutrients
- high nutrient requirement while feed intake is limited
(animals are efficient at converting this to gain)

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14
Q

growing diet in farm animal

A

less concentrated nutrients, still efficient at converting feed to gain, dont want fattening so more protiens in diet.

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15
Q

finishing diet in farm animals

A

least concentrated except for energy while you see highest feed intakes/day
- animals are not efficient, putting down fat, high in DM

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16
Q

adipose tissue depots

A

sites in body where adipocytes accumulate

  • ranges in size (small groups intermuscular, large numbers SQ or viscerally, IM fat in loose networks close to blood vessels)
  • highly vascularized to aid deposition and mobilzation
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17
Q

mobilization of fat

A

can be used by animal for energy, net fat buildup by unused energy

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18
Q

internal, body cavity, visceral fat function

A
  • protect/insulate organs
  • omentum (thin sheet in a large fold of connective tissue over stomach, aka caul fat)
  • mesenteries (CT membranes supporting intestines, aka lace fat)
  • kidney/renal fat (used as suet fat/ making dough)
  • makes up 30% fat in steer
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19
Q

3 phases of fat deposition

A

1 - internal fat (visceral/kidney fat)
2 - subcutaneous
3- intramuscular (IMF)

20
Q

challenge w fat deposition stages

A

want the IMF but not so much the SQ and internal fat

21
Q

backfat in pig types

A

outer - insulation
middle - thickest, most active
inner - small and thin, last to form
IM - between individual muscle fibre bundles

22
Q

breed diff in fattening

A

earlier maturing breeds are physiologically older, breeds can differ in height, body composition, onset of puberty
can be elected against fatness

23
Q

sex differences in fat depostition

A

castrates leaner than females, leaner caracss w bulls than castrates.
body weight at fattening goes bulls- steers- heifers

24
Q

cellular hyperplasia

A

increased cell numbers

25
Q

cellular hypertrophy

A

increased cell size

26
Q

adipose cell numbers genetically / nutritionally regulated

A

genetically - select for lean meat and reduced carcass fat (doesnt work)
nutritionally- giving diets early in life to make muscle, reduce fat depot later in life

27
Q

brown fat

A

found in newborns (none in poultry)
- important so animals can produce heat during vulnerable periods. (pigs have v little so need heat pads in winter)
differs form white fat, more mitochondria.
oxidized own fatty acids.
heat production vs ATP production. produces heat but not energy.
in hibernating animal to help wake up in spring

28
Q

roles for AT depots

A

mechanical and thermal insulation
energy storage
- anabolism (building up)
- catabolism (breaking down)

29
Q

energy storage component of AT depots

A

related to pregame’s tox and ketosis, fats broken down = not enough energy supplied to meet requirements of the animal (lots of energy late gestation in ewes for development, lots of energy to make colostrum for cows)

30
Q

what is a triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids bound to glycerol backbone

  • often source of dietary fat in animal diets
  • saturated or unsaturated.
31
Q

monogastric stomach role in lipid digestion

A

basically nothing, begins in the mouth and then SI

32
Q

ruminant stomach role in lipid digestion

A

actions of rumen microorganisms - they attack triglycerides.

biohydrogenation doesnt happen to all fatty acids in rumen tho

33
Q

monogastric digestion/absorption of triglycerides

A

u r what u eat

  • if you eat saturated fatty acids, you will expel saturated fatty acids. (will also be in tissues)
  • high amounts of USFA will impact meat quality and carcass. leads to undesirable odors after cooking bc of oxidation
34
Q

ruminant digestion/absorption of triglycerides

A

will deposit mostly SFA in tissues w the USFA that escaped biohydrogenation

35
Q

human health, what fats do u want?

A

want more monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, feeding flax helps this.

36
Q

ruminant fat digestion in the intestine compared to mono

A

same

37
Q

ruminant fat digestion in the stomach compared to mono

A

different

38
Q

forage vs grain finishing ruminants

A

diets differ in USFA content

see higher C of USFA in ruminants when feed forage vs grains

39
Q

how to stop rumen microbial attack of triglycerides

A

coating fat - aus uses formaldehyde, increases energy early lactation

40
Q

meat quality affected by fatty acid composition

A

shorter shelf life for unsaturated bc oxidizes easier. changes flavour

41
Q

repartitioning agents

A

dietary additive redirects energy from fattening to protien deposition

  • increases gains and feed conversion
  • reduces fat synthesis and increases breakdown
  • increase protien deposition
  • negative effect on meat quality
  • negative effect on behavioiur
42
Q

implant uses?

A
  • increase gain/feed efficiency
  • decrease fat deposition
  • consumers are concerned abt hormones tho
43
Q

estrogen implants

A

legal in canada, can be mild or strong. more IMF using E rather than mix

44
Q

testosterone implants

A

illegal in canada

combo w E is legal tho

45
Q

impact of implants?

A

strong estrogen and androgen will provide good payback for small investment

ANSC 2340 (13 decks)

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