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CORE-LVN // Term 1 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

structures of the GI tract

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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2
Q

mechanical digestion

A

breakdown of large food particles into small particles by physical means (i.e the teeth grind and mash food into smaller bits)

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3
Q

chemical digestion

A

chemical alteration of food (i.e protein is chemically digested into amino acids)

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4
Q

2 forms of movement

A

segmentation: alternate contraction and relaxation of stomach muscles digest food mechanically and mix with digestive juices
peristalsis: a rhythmic alternating contraction and relaxation that pushes food forward through the GI tract

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5
Q

serosa

A

made up of: mesentery, mesocolon (peritoneal membranes//behind GI organs), and omentum (front)
helps anchor the digestive organs, blood/lymph vessels, and nerves to the abdominal organs

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6
Q

ENS

A

enteric nervous system

regulates GI motility and secretion; its activity is modulated via autonomic nerves, the parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

mouth

A

digestion begins immediately

includes: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, and several other structures

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8
Q

teeth

A

masticate (chew)
deciduous (baby teeth)
gingiva (gums)

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9
Q

dentin

A

majority, bonelike material of tooth

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10
Q

pulp

A

nerves, blood vessels, and CT

beneath dentin: pulp cavity

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11
Q

periodontium

A

the tissues that surround the teeth include: gums, bone, soft tissue

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12
Q

tongue

func.

A

facilitates chewing, swallowing, and repositioning of food

contains taste buds

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13
Q

frenulum

A

anchors tongue to floor of mouth

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14
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid (largest), submandibular, sublingual (smallest)

digestive enzyme: salivary amylase (ptyalin)

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15
Q

hard & soft palates

A

hard: anterior, separates oral cavity from nasal
soft: uvula blocks food from entering nasal cavity

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16
Q

pharynx

A

involved in deglutition (swallowing)

only the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are part of the GI tract

17
Q

esophagus

A

hollow tube that carries food from pharynx to stomach via the pharyngoesophageal sphincter and the LES (relax: open // contraction: closed)

18
Q

pyrosis

A

heartburn

19
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

20
Q

stomach

func.

A

1) secretion of gastric juices, includes: digestive enzymes, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and intrinsic factor
2) digestion of food. mostly mechanical, limited chemical
3) absorption of small quantities of water and dissolved substances… absorbs only alcohol quickly
4) secretion of gastric hormones
5) regulation of rate at which partially digested food is delivered to the duodenum via pyloric sphincter

21
Q

layers of stomach

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscle, and serosa

22
Q

muscle layers

A

longitudinal, oblique, circular

23
Q

glands of the stomach

A

exocrine: {gastric juice} 3 secretory cells; mucous cells: secrete mucus, chief cells: secrete digestive enzymes, parietal cells: secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
neuroendocrine: g cells: secrete gastrin [released in response to vagus nerve stimulation and the presence of amino acids and small peptides in the stomach]

24
Q

small intestine

func.

A

1) receives chyme from stomach and digestive juices from liver (bile) and pancreas (digestive enzymes); digestion is completed in small intestine
2) absorbs the end-products of digestion and key substances as iron and vitamins
3) moves the unabsorbed content into large intestine

25
Q

small intestine

parts

A

{most digestion and absorption occur in the duodenum and first third of the jejunum}
duodenum: receives chyme and other digestive enzymes from liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
jejunum
ileum: func. to complete the process of absorption of end-prod, b12, and bile salts; ileocecal sphincter prevents reflux of contents from the cecum

26
Q

wall of small intestine

A

microvilli
villi; within each villus
{absorptive capillaries}
{lacteal}

27
Q

Protein, Carbs, Fats digest order

A

Protein and Carbs go to the liver first before being distributed throughout the body
Fats breakdown later and the end-products enter the lacteal, forming a milky-white lymph called chyle

28
Q

hormones of the small intestine

A

secretin: stims pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate {nature’s own antacid}; makes chyme alkaline
cholecystokinin: stims gallbladder to contract releasing bile; stims pancreatic release of digestive enzymes; slows gastric emptying

29
Q

large intestine

sect.

A 
cecum 
colon {ascending, transvers, descending, sigmoid}
rectum
anal canal
anus

tenia coli: connective band causing pucker
haustra: bulbous pouches

30
Q

large intestine

func.

A

1) absorption of water and electrolytes
2) synthesis of certain vitamins by intestinal bacteria (K and some B)
3) Temp. storage of feces
4) Elimination of waste from body (defecation)

31
Q

liver

func.

A

Main: Synthesis of bile salts and secretion of bile
2) synthesis of plasma proteins
3) storage; glycogen // fat-soluble vitamins
4) detoxification
5/6) metabolize carbs and proteins
7) metabolize fat
8) phagocytosis

32
Q

pancreas

func.

A

{pancreatic enzymes are the most important of all digestive enzymes}
secretes both exocrine and endocrine substances
exocrine: digestive enzymes and alkaline secretion (neutralizes highly acidic chyme)

33
Q

gallbladder

func.

A

pear-shaped sac attached beneath the liver

concentrate and store bile

34
Q

carbohydrates

types

A

sugars: monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)& disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, and lactose)
starches: polysaccharides

35
Q

polysaccharides breakdown

A

1) amylases breakdown poly into disacc

2) dissacharidases breakdown dissac’s into mono

36
Q

protein
types

digested by?

A

building blocks = amino acids
several amino acids together = peptide
many amino acids together = polypeptide
very long chains of polypeptides = protein

enzymes called proteases

37
Q

protein
types

digested by?

A

building blocks = amino acids
several amino acids together = peptide
many amino acids together = polypeptide
very long chains of polypeptides = protein

enzymes called proteases

38
Q

fat
types

digested by?

A

long-chain fatty acids attached to a glycerol

enzymes called lipases
bile emulsifies the large fat globules into thousands of tiny particles that lipases breakdown for absorption

39
Q

bile

func.

A

emulsification of fat
prevent reformation of large fat globules
help with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

CORE-LVN // Term 1 (10 decks)

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