Digestive physio of swine Flashcards
What is unique to swine
They have excellent sense of taste and smell
Homogeny mixes to reduce selection based on taste
They refuse to eat poor quality, bad tasting or bad smelling food
Swine timelines- the ones to mention (14)
- Puberty
- Estrus
- Gestation
- Lactation
- First estrus post weaning
- Avg litters per year
- Weaning age
- Weaning weight
- Weight of nursery piglets
- Growing pigs weight
- Finishers weight
- Weight at slaughter
- Avg feed efficiency
- Daily DM consumption
Puberty
6-8 mnths
Estrus
19-21 days
Gestation
112-115 days
Lactation
21-42 days
Lactation
21-42 days
First estrus post weaning
3-7 days
Avg number of litters per year
1.7-2.5
Weaning age
3-4 wks
Weaning weight
4.5– 9 kg
Weight and age of nursery piglets
4-12 wks
7-30 kg
Growing pigs weight
30-60kg
Finishing pigs weight
50-105kg
Slaughter weight
90-105 kg
Avg feed efficiency (feed/gain)
3.24kg
*I think this is 3.4 kg of feed has to be consumed for every 1kg weight gain
Daily DM consumption
3-4% of BW
Dental formula: deciduous and perm
deciduous: 313 over 313= 14
Permanent: 3142 over 3142 which is 22 (multiply this by 2) and so it 44 permanent teeth
Digestive physio (7)
True omnivores
Tend to overeat and reach puberty early
Regular estrus
Digestive tract is 14x the body length
Total capacity is 25-27L
Long/variable transit time (18-100hrs)- better nutrient utilization
Optimal fasting: 24 hrs
Salivary glands: locations
3 pairs: parotid, mandib and sublingual
Function of the salivary glands
- Lubrication and solubilization
- Alkaline buffering: mucine and inorganic salts
- Digestion
Amylase- starch
Lipase
Lysozyme- lyses the oligosaccharide of the bacterial cell wall
Anatomy of the stomach
Simple
Non-glandular- is the esophageal part: non-strat squamous
Glandular part
Gastric ulceration in swine and causes
Autodigestion of non-gland
Sows and growing pigs: 5-90%
Erosion that leads to ulceration
Intermittent bleeding may cause anaemia
Causes:
- Small particle size of feed
- Low fiber
- High E
- High wheat > 55%
- Vit e/Se def
- Stress
Gastric ulceration clinical signs
Acute:
- Pale
- Weak
- Dark faeces- may contain undigested bloof
- Dyspnea
- Inapp
- Vomitting
Peracute:
- Very pale
- Found dead
Chronic:
- Intermittent appetite
- Weight loss
** may also be subclinical
Gastric ulceration- prevention and treatment (6)
- Larger particle size- pelleted feed
- More fiber
- Buffers
- Line the stomach- clay
- Vit A,E,K and Se
- NSP enzyme supplementation
Factor contributing to the gastric pH
HCL
Lactic acid and FA’s
HCl
Produced by parietal cells
Stim: gastrin, Ach, Hist
Inhibited by: somatostatin
Lactic acid and FA’s
Lactose fermentation by lactobacilli
Protein digestion
Pepsin: ABC
- Proenzyme is pepsinogen
- Prodcued by parietal cells
- opt pH=1.6
Catepsin and kitinase
- opt pH is 2
Carb digestion in new born and suckling
Lactase to digest lactose
Low HCl secretion
Lactose digestion by bact (lactobacilli) incr lactic acid prod– which lowers the pH- this then negatively impacts Hcl secretion
Intro of solid feed: decr lactic acid and stim HCl
Where do the enzymes for intestinal digestion originate and what are they aided by
Panceas
Bile
Intestinal wall
Aided by: salivary gland and liver
Nutritional impacts on the functionality of the digestive tract
Will adapt!!!
Incr starch– incr amylase
Incr protein– incr chymotrypsin
Incr fat– incr lipase
Bile: function, location, components
Made in liver, stored in gall bladder, secreted to the duodenum and is active in the SI
Function: emulsification of fat
Components:
- Water
- Electrolytes
- Bile salts
- Phospholipids
- Colestrin
- Mucine pigment
Large intestine: functions (3)
- Absorption and secretion of water and electrolytes
- Bact ferm: fiber 3-5%, breaks down cellulose
- Stores waste
Caecum and LI
Endproducts of the bact ferm are SCFA’s: acetate, propionate, butyrate
- Contribute to maintain the pH of the microbiome
- E source for ox processes
E sources for digestion
- Starch digestion in the SI: amylase uses disacc like glucose and glycogen
- Fiber ferm in the LI- uses 20% of maint E!
Acetate: bact ferm
propionate: GNG
Butyrate: intesinal cells
Changing enzyme activity in the stomach
From birth to 6 wks
- at birth- no HCl in the stomach– no pepsin- this ensure the IgG’s from colustrum are not destroyed
- At 3 weeks- incr HCl- incr pepsin activity
Changing the enzyme activity of the stomach via feeding
Restrictive: pH is low enough to inhibit the bact growth in the ENTIRE stomach
Ad lib: low pH to inhibit the bact growth in half of the stomach
Ad lib after feed deprivation: oH around 7- bact overgrowth!!
Changes in hydrolase activity
2 weeks
Lactase initially to digest lactose
Protease: trypsin inhibs present in order to prevent Ig destruction
Lipase: milk fat can be digested at low levels
Amylase
