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digestive Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

summary of food processing?

A

1- obtain the food and eat it (ingestion)
2- internal organs allow organisms to separate the
ingested food to individual molecules (digestion)
3- nutrient molecules are absorbed and then are distributed by the transport system
4- parts of food that don’t get digested are eliminated (Egested)

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2
Q

excretion?

A

material that was once part of the living tissue of the organism
ex-carbon dioxide excreted by the lungs

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3
Q

egestion?

A

undigested food that has never entered tissues of the body

ex-corn

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4
Q

mechanical and/or physical digestion?

A

chewing and mixing food with liquids

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5
Q

chemical digestion?

A

digestive enzymes split chemical bonds which hold food together

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6
Q

the mouth does what kind of digestion process?

A

both mechanical and chemical

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7
Q

what 4 things are the tongue responsible for?

A

1- positions food and teeth
2- aids in mixing saliva and food
3- moves food to pharynx
4- chemo receptors (taste buds)

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8
Q

where are your salivary glands in your mouth?

A

1- parotid ( in front and below ear)
2- sublingual (below tongue)
3- sub-maxillary ( below jaw)

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9
Q

what is saliva made out of?

A

99% -water

1%- amylace

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10
Q

how much do you produce saliva in a day?

A

1-1.5 litters

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11
Q

what is the PH balance of saliva?

A

6.0-7.4

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12
Q

what does saliva form?

A

Bolus (clumps of food)

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13
Q

where is your hard palette on your tongue?

A

top of your mouth

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14
Q

where is your soft palette on your tongue?

A

bottom of your mouth

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15
Q

purpose of your uvula?

A

moves to block entrance to nasal passage

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16
Q

purpose of your epiglottis?

A

flap of tissue which closes off the trachea during swallowing

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17
Q

purpose of your esophagus?

A

carries food to the stomach

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18
Q

purpose of your trachea?

A

carries air to your lungs

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19
Q

peristalses?

A

the muscular contraction to move bolus down to the stomach

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20
Q

what are the 3 layers of the smooth involuntary muscle?

A

1- longitudinal
2-circular
3-oblique

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21
Q

What are the 4 secretions (gastric juice) in order of importance?

A

1) pepsinogen ~ pepsin ( for protein digestion)
2) HCl~ converts pepsinogen to pepsin
3) rennin~ milk production ( clots milk/ only for infants)
4) lipase (gastric) ~breaks fats (triglycerides) into fatty acids

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22
Q

What is the name of food leaving the pyloric valve?

A

Chyme

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23
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

7 meters

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24
Q

How long is large intestine?

A

1.5 meters

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25
Q

What is another name for the large intestine?

A

Colon

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26
Q

What are the names of the 3 main portions of the small intestine?

A

1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum

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27
Q

What two digestive glands feed into duodenum?

A

Pancreas and liver ( gallbladder)

28
Q

what products of digestion are absorbed in one of the 3 main portions o the small intestine?

A

Jejunum

29
Q

function of the liver?

A
  • emulsifies fat

- activates lipase

30
Q

function of the pancreas?

A

-help the body to digest fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

31
Q

three enzymes of the pancreas?

A

1) amylase
2) lipase
3) trypsin

32
Q

function of amylase enzyme?

A

-converts starch to maltose and other disacchriades

33
Q

function of trypsin?

A
  • converts proteins to peptides and amino acids
34
Q

what are 3 disacchraideses?

A

1) lactase
2) maltase
3) sucrose

35
Q

function of mucus?

A

lubricates

36
Q

function of the large intestine?

A

1) complete the absorption of food
2) to make certain vitamins (bacteria and other micro-organisms are present
3) recover water
4) reform and excel feces

37
Q

what is the name of the sphincter at junction of small and large intestine called?

A

Ileocecal valve

38
Q

3 sections of the large intestine?

A

1) ascending colon
2) transverse colon
3) descending colon

39
Q

The pyloric sphincter controls movement of food from the _____ to the _____.

A

stomach , small intestine

40
Q

tiny glands that produce juices to digest food, found in the mouth, stomach and small intestine.

A

mucuosa

41
Q

what is the name of the acid that neutralizes?

A

sodium bicarbonate

42
Q

what are the 4 enzymatic functions?

A

1- regulates cell metabolism
2-reusable during a chemical reaction
3- catalyzes a specific reactions (catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed)
4-controls the reactions by lowering the activation energy ( amount of energy it takes to have the reaction start)

43
Q

what kind of nutrient are enzymes?

A

proteins

44
Q

what is the lock and key theory?

A

special shape of each enzyme- locks only certain substrates together

45
Q

what happens when you increase the temperature of an enzyme?

A

initially decreases activation energy

46
Q

what is feedback inhibition ( enzyme repression- no more enzymes being made)?

A

creating the end produce in the required prevents the manufactured of further product
ex-&raquo_space;» maltose»>maltase+h20»» 2 glucose

47
Q

what is competitive inhibition?

A

enzyme action blocked by incorrect foreign substance or substrate fitting into active site
ex- pesticides prevent normal functioning, sulfur drug, cancer, chemotherapy

48
Q

what is co-factors/co-enzymes?

A

molecules or elements required to make the enzyme work

ex- carotene»»>vitamin A&raquo_space;»retinol»»>rhodopsin

49
Q

precursor activation?

A

certain substances required to activate the enzyme

ex- HCl causes pepsinogen to change to pepsin

50
Q

what material is released from the pancreas to protect the duodenum?

A

sodium bicarbonate

51
Q

_______nodes are found abundantly near the intestines

A

lymph

52
Q

an enzyme that breaks down peptide bonds released from the intestinal epithelium?

A

peptidase

53
Q

an enzyme that breaks down lactose and released from the intestinal epithelium?

A

lactase

54
Q

what is produced by the bacteria in the large intestine?

A

vitamins

55
Q

what is the lesion of the digestive lining?

A

villi

56
Q

an auxiliary digestive organ that produces bile?

A

liver

57
Q

a disacchraide that is digested with the help of lactase?

A

lactose

58
Q

an organ that is both exocrine and endocrine functions?

A

pancreas

59
Q

Benedict’s test?

A
  • reducing sugars
  • positive test turned orange,yellow, or green
  • ex glucose,maltose
60
Q

iodine test?

A
  • starches
  • positive test turned dark blue/black
  • ex potato
61
Q

translucent test?

A
  • fats
  • positive test would turn the paper translucent
  • ex meat
62
Q

biuret test?

A
  • proteins
  • positive test turned pink/purple
  • ex milk
63
Q

what are three digestive agents that salivary glands produce?

A

mucus
amylase
maltase

64
Q

what are 6 digestive agents that the pancreas produce?

A 
sodium bicarbonate 
28 digestive enzymes 
amylase 
peptidase 
lipase 
trypsinogen --> trypsin
65
Q

what are 7 digestive agents that the small intestine produce?

A 
maltase 
sucrase 
lactase 
enterokinase 
peptidases  
eresin
phosphatases

bio- 20 (8 decks)

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