Digestion Study Questions Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
Digestion makes _______ molecules from ________ molecules
A
Smaller, Larger
2
Q
The conditions in the Lumen of the digestive tract….
A
are to harsh for the rest of the body
3
Q
What is the absorbable unit of proteins?
A
amino acids
4
Q
the enteric nervous system includes…
A
- myenteric plexus
2. submuscosal (or submucous) plexus
5
Q
What would not involve autonomic neurons?
A
intratract or short reflex
6
Q
Is it possible to swallow food upside down?
A
YES
7
Q
In what stage of swallowing do the vocal cords come together & inhibition of respiration occur?
A
Oropharyngeal Stage
8
Q
Saliva contains a carbohydrate digesting enzyme called….
A
Amylase
9
Q
Heartburn occurs when ___________ contents move into the ____________.
A
Stomach, Esophagus
10
Q
Where are the peristaltic waves the strongest in the stomach?
A
Antrum
11
Q
Parietal Cells Secrete….
A
HCL
12
Q
Gastrin is a….
A
hormorone secreted by cells in the ANTRUM of the stomach which causes HCI secretion from cells in the body of the stomach
13
Q
Intrinsic factor is….
A
needed for absorption of vitamin B12
14
Q
What DECREASES stomach emptying?
A
- increased enterogasterones
- increased fats in the duodenum
- increased distention of the duodenum
15
Q
What enters the lumen of the small intestine?
A
- gastric contents
- pancreas exocrine secretions
- bile
16
Q
Enterokinase or enteropeptidase…
A
- activates trypsinogen
- is located on intestinal mucosal cells (epithelial cells)
17
Q
Increased fatty acids in the duodenum causes___________ secretion of CCK, which causes ________ of the gall bladder
A
Increased, Relaxation
18
Q
Biles salts are absorbed from the ________ and can then be secreted again by the ________
A
Small Intestine, Liver
19
Q
Bile salts…
A
help in absorption of the products of fat digestion by forming micelles
20
Q
What contributes to the large surface area for absorption in the small intestine?
A
- microvilli
- villi
21
Q
what doesn’t go directly to the liver after absorption but instead enters the lymph?
A
fats
22
Q
Which part of the GI tract does most of digestion of food molecules occur?
A
Large Intestine
23
Q
Bacteria in the Large intestine produce…
A
Vitamin K
24
Q
the contents of the GI tract w/in the lumen are not considered to be w/in the….
A
internal environment of the body
25
Saliva contains...
- Amylase
| - mucus
26
A long reflex involves....
- central nervous system
| - autonomic neurons
27
Name one of the functions of:
1. mucus
2. intrinsic factor
3. HCL
1. mucus - forms a protective layer
2. intrinsic factor - vitamin B12 absorption
3. HCL- kills microorganisms
28
Antral contraction of the stomach causes...
1. mixing
| 2. emptying
29
Segmentation & the migrating motility complex occur in the ________. Haustral contractions and mass movements occur in the_________.
Small Intestine, Large Intestine.
30
Fats are broken down into _____________
- 1 monoglycerides & 2 fatty acids
which can then be absorbed from the digestive tract
31
An intratract or a short reflex includes
- myenteric plexus neurons
- submucosal plexus neurons
NOT sympathetic neurons
32
the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing includes....
- epiglottis (acts as a lid over larynx)
- space between vocal cords closes (or vocal cords come together)
- respirations are inhibited
33
Heartburn can occur when....
Gastric contents move or splash into esophagus
34
1. HCL (hydrochloric acid)
2. Pepsinogen
3. Intrinsic Factor
Are Secreted By:
1. HCL = secreted by parietal cells
2. Pepsinogen = secreted by chief cells
3. Intrinsic Factor = secreted by parietal cells
& needed for vitamin B12 absorption
35
Peristaltic waves in the antrum of the stomach...
- propel chyme through the pyloric sphincter (or empty chyme into the duodenum)
- cause mixing of the chyme w/in antrum
36
Protein Digesting Enzyme
-is secreted in an inactive form to protect enzyme secreting cells
37
The enterogastrones ....
1. are hormones
2. are secreted by the small intestine
3. include CCK (cholecystokinin) & secretin
4. inhibits motility
5. inhibits secretions
38
What decreases stomach emptying?
-idk
39
Carboxypeptidase is an...
- enzyme
- located on the cell membrane of the small intestine mucosal (epithelial) cells
- activates trypsinogen
40
The Exocrine Pancreas Secretes...
1. enzymes
| 2. an alkaline (bicarbonate) solution
41
Bile is synthesized or made in the...
Liver
42
Digestion of what is completed in the small intestine...
- proteins
- fats
- carbs
*this means food molecules are broken down completely into absorbable units in the small intestine
43
Hepatic Portal Circulation allows nutrients to go directly to the liver except for __________. Why?
Fats
bc they cannot directly enter the blood
44
The large intestine secretes...
Mucus
45
What is not part of the GI tract but is an accessory digestive organ of the digestive system?
Pancreas
46
What is the absorbable unit for Carbohydrates?
Monosaccaride
47
What is the innermost layer of the GI tract (closest to the lumen)?
Mucosa
48
What would be involved in a short (intratract) reflex?
1. myenteric plexus neurons
2. sub-mucous (submucosal) plexus neurons
3. effector
4. enteric nervous system
49
What is primarily responsible for getting the a bolus of food in the esophagus to the stomach?
Peristalsis
50
What is secreted by the stomach?
1. Intrinsic Factor
2. Gastrin
3. HCL
4. Mucus
51
What acts autocatalytically?
Pepsin
| Trypsin
52
What INCREASES stomach emptying?
Distension of the stomach
53
Bile Salts...
help in the absorption of the products of fat digestion by forming micelles
54
Bile Salts _______ be resused (or recycled) bc they _______ be absorbed from the small intestine.
Can, Can
55
Carbohydrate digestion is completed (just finished) within the....
Small intestine
56
Mass Movement is...
occurs in the large intestine in which a large portion of the large intestine contracts and drives the contents a substantial length (perhaps 3/4 of the length of the large intestine)
57
By ingestion and secretion about 8 liters of fluid goes into the GI tract per day. Most of this volume is absorbed into the blood in which part of the digestive system?
Small Intestine
58
What is TRUE about the Digestive system?
- conditions w/in the lumen of the the digestive tract can be too harsh for the rest of the body
- digestion breaks food molecules down into smaller molecules
- food molecules need to be digested before they can be absorbed
59
The duodenum is part of the....
Small Intestine
60
A monoglyceride would be produced from digestion of what molecule?
Fats
61
List the layers of the digestive tract, going from outside the tract (on the surface of the digestive tract organ) to the innermost layer inside the tract (closest the lumen)
- >Serosa
- >muscle layer
- >submucosa
- >mucosa
62
Describe the pathway of a short reflex...
a reflex pathway from a receptor
- >to the enteric nervous system
- >to an effector
63
Chief Cells secrete...
Pepsinogen
64
The mucus secreted by the cells in the stomach...
- form a protective coating or layer on the inner surface of the stomach
- is an alkaline
65
Increased fat molecules is the duodenum...
DECREASES stomach emptying
66
What is a secretion of the exocrine part of the pancreas?
1. lipase
2. amylase
3. a bicarbonate solution
4. trypsinogen
*NOT insulin
67
Where is Bile synthesized or made?
Liver
68
Where is bile stored or concentrated?
Gall Bladder
69
Are Bile Salts Enzymes?
NO
70
What is True about Bile Salts?
- increase the surface area for lipase to act
- help maintain a lipid emulsion
- assist in the absorption of the products of fat digestion
- are recycled (absorbed from small intestine & can be desecrated)
71
Where is protein digestion completed or just finished?
Small Intestine
72
What does not go directly into the liver after absorption from the GI tract but instead enters the lymph?
Fat (triglycerides)
73
Describe Migrating Motility Complex
Is the small intestine movement that acts as a "good housekeeper" & sweeps undigested material & bacteria in the small intestine into the large intestine
74
The Pharynx & the Esophagus
-do NOT contribute to digestion bc they do NOT secrete enzymes
75
What is the function of the digestive system?
transfer nutrients to the internal environment
76
Name the accessory organs
1. Salivary Glands
2. Pancreas
3. Liver
4. Gall bladder
77
What is the last part of the small intestine?
ILEUM
78
Where does the EXOCRINE pancreas secrete?
Into Ducts
79
Digestive enzymes ...
add water to break a bond
80
Sucrase is...
- >an enzyme
- >a disaccharidase
- >that breaks down sucrose
81
Lactase is...
- >an enzyme
- >a disaccharidase
- >that breaks down lactose
82
Where is serosa located?
outer most layer of digestive tract
83
Beneath the serosa is the?
Muscle Layer
84
The enteric nervous system allows...
short reflexes to occur
85
How long does the oropharyngeal stage take?
about 1 second
86
During the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing, several events occur to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract. What are they?
- the epiglottis acting as a lid over the larynx
- the vocal cods coming together & closing the glottis
- inhibitions of respirations
87
if the first peristaltic wave does not get a bolus to the stomach, distention of the esophagus can cause a
Secondary Peristaltic Wave
88
Heartburn is caused by irritation of the ?
Esophagus
89
the lower esophageal sphincter IS NOT a typical sphincter of....
thick, strong, circular muscle
90
The swallowing center causes _______ of stomach smooth muscle
Receptive Relaxation
**which allows the volume to increase w/o much change in pressure
91
What is the absolutely essential substance secreted by the stomach?
Intrinsic Factor
92
the mucus secreted by stomach mucosal cells is
- alkaline
| - contains a bicarbonate ion
93
The mucus secreted by the stomach mucosal cells helps...
protects the stomach wall from damage
94
The cells of the ANTRUM of the stomach secrete what?
Gastrin
**but NOT HCL
95
The cells of the BODY of the stomach secrete what?
HCL
**but NOT gastrin
96
Gastrin increases _____ secretion?
HCL
97
Are Gastrin's effects in the lumen of the stomach?
NO
98
What region of the stomach is closest to the pyloric sphincter?
Antrum
99
Cholecytokinin & Secretin are...
Enterogastrones
100
What do enterogastrones DECREASE?
-stomach motility & secretions
101
The Pancreas Secretes....
- a bicarbonate rich solution
- amylase
- protein digesting enzymes (in inactive forms)
- lipase
- trypsinogen
- chymotrypsinogen
- procarboxypeptidase
102
Pancreatic amylase does not complete carbohydrate digestion because...
it produces disaccharides
103
The Pancreas secretes...
- trypsinogen
- chymotrypsinogen
- procarboxypeptidase
104
What breaks fat molecules into absorbable units?
Pancreatic Lipase
105
What do pancreatic enzymes need to work?
slightly alkaline environment
106
Where does bile move into DURING or just after a meal?
duodenum or small intestine
107
Where does bile move into BETWEEN meals?
Gall Bladder
**where it is stored at concentrated
108
Micelles are ________ than emulsion droplets
much smaller
109
Products of fat digestion are carried into the....
hydrophobic core of the micelles
110
The NON-polar part of bile salts will dissolve in the...
Emulsion Droplet
111
Charges of bile salts cause emulsion droplets to do what?
repel each other
112
Cholecystokinin causes....
- gall bladder contraction
| - relaxation of sphincter that surrounds the duct in the duodenum (sphincter of Oddi)
113
What causes Cholecystokinin to release?
fatty acids in the duodenum
114
Where are Disaccharides (i.e maltase, sucrase, & lactase) located?
on the Brush Border of the S.I.
115
What do disaccharides COMPLETE?
carbohydrate digestion
116
How many different protein digesting enzymes are on the brush border of the S.I.?
about 20
117
What is important in the absorption of many nutrients, including simple sugars & amino acids?
secondary active transport
118
What does MOST water absorption occur?
Small Intestine
119
Chylomicrons
- contain fat molecules
- are produced in small intestine mucosal cells
- must enter the lacteal or the lymph capillary
120
Fat soluble vitamins are carried in ..
micelles
121
Vitamin B12 bound w/intrinsic factor is absorbed in the...
ileum
122
Segmentation
- a mixing movement that occurs in S.I.
- slowly propels chyme toward L.I.
- frequency is lower in duodenum than in ileum
123
The Migrating Motility Complex (MMC) moves undigested material & bacteria from the S.I. into...
Large Intestine
-occurs after absorption of nutrients
124
Haustral contractions and mass movements OCCUR in the_________.
Large Intestine
125
Describe the peristaltic waves in the stomach
1. Fundus - weak or no waves
2. Body- weak waves
3. Antrum- waves are strongest
