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Biology 20 IB > Digestion and Absorption > Flashcards

Digestion and Absorption Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ingestion?

A

-the intaking of nutrients

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2
Q

What is digestion?

A

-the breaking down of nutrients, organic compounds, into smaller complexes

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3
Q

What is assimilation?

A

-cells absorbing the substances they need such as amino acids and glycerol
-they then build their own macromolecules from monomers which becomes a part of the body structure

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3
Q

What is absorption?

A

-nutrients move from the GR tract to the blood or lymph system

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4
Q

What is egestion?

A

-the removal of materials that are not needed

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5
Q

What systems make up the digestive system?

A

-the GI tract
-accessory organs

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6
Q

What is the mouths function?

A

-responsible for mechanical digestion which the physical breakdown of food

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7
Q

What is the function of teeth?

A

-performs mechanical digestion
-increases the surface area of food for enzymes

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8
Q

What is the function of the tongue?

A

-positions food for chewing and swallowing
-mixes food with saliva
-rolls food into a ball known as bolus

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9
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands

A

-contains an enzyme amylase which begins starch digestion into maltose, disaccharide
-performs chemical digestion, breaking bonds via hydrolysis
-contains slimy mucus which holds together bolus and makes food easy to swallow
-water is a lubricant that dissolves food

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10
Q

What happens during swallowing?

A

-you can’t breathe during swallowing because air and food crosses paths in the pharynx

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10
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

-where the mouth and nose join
-the place where the tongue pushes the bolus and it is swallowed
-swallowing is voluntary, the rest of digestion is involuntary

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11
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

-a flap that prevents food from entering the trachea, guiding it into the esophagus to prevent choking

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12
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

-25cm long tube made of smooth muscle and secretes mucus
-moves food vis peristalsis and pushes bolus into the stomach
-process is involuntary
-no digestion occurs

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13
Q

What are cardiac sphincters?

A

-controls the opening to the stomach from the esophagus

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13
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

-a series of circular and longitudinal muscle contractions that aids in digestion

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14
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

-digestive organ located beneath the diaphragm on the left side of the abdomen
-site of mechanical and chemical digestion, has the pH of 2
-most materials besides alcohol, aspirin and glucose are not absorbed in the stomach
-made of 3 layers of smooth muscle for mechanical digestion

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15
Q

What are stomach sphincters?

A

-circular muscles that regulate passage of materials

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16
Q

What are pyloric sphincters?

A

-regulates the movement of chyme entering the small intestines

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17
Q

What is pepsin?

A

-the active form of pepsinogen
-HCI that kills bacteria converts pepsinogen to pepsin which hydrolyze proteins to peptides
-pepsin is a peptidase(enzyme)

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17
Q

What is gastrin?

A

-hormone produced in cell of the stomach when food enters it
-gastrin travels to target cells via the blood stream and causes glands to secrete gastric juices

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17
Q

What is mucous?

A

-thick basic coating which covers the stomach lining and protects it from HCI and pepsin

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18
Q

What is rugae?

A

-folds in the inner wall of the stomach
-wall of stomach has millions of tiny gastric glans that release 400-800 ml of gastric juices per meal
-muscle contractions mix food and gastric jucies

19
Q

What is rennin?

A

-digests milk in children
-works in a basic environment so little activity in the stomach
-slows the movement of milk through the GI tract
-creates curds, protein, and whey, watery portion

20
Q

What is chyme?

A

-name for food in semi liquid form
-what leaves the stomach to enter the small inestine

21
Q

What is a stomach ulcer?

A

-formed when the stomach itself is digested by gastric juices
-helicobacter pylori causes 80% of ulcers or it happens if the mucosal cells do not have enough of a protective layer or the pH is too low

22
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

-where chyme goes from the stomach
-longer than the large intestine but smaller in diameter
-approximately 7 m long and 2.5 cm wide
-continues contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles which mixes food and enzymes
-has the pH of 7-9

23
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

-completes the digestion of food
-absorb the digested food into the blood stream
-move indigestibles, cellulose/fiber, into the large intestine

24
Q

How does the small intestine raise the pH from what is was in the stomach?

A

-when chyme enters from the stomach it is very acidic
-the low pH triggers prosecretin in the small intestine which is activated in secretin
-secretin enters the blood stream and goes into the pancreas

25
Q

How is carbohydrate digestion continued in the small intestine?

A

-amylase from the pancreas continues carbohydrate digestion into disaccharides
-the small intestine finishes off the disaccharides by secreting disaccharide enzymes

25
Q

What are accessory organs?

A

-the liver, gall bladder, and the pancreas
-organs that never touch food

26
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

-secretes trypsinogen which is activated by enterokinase(enzyme) into trypsin(enzyme) which acts on the partially digested proteins from the stomach
-erepsins(enzyme) come from the pancreas and the small intestine

27
Q

How does the pancreas help the small intestine?

A

-the pancreas releases bicarbonate ions which raises the chyme pH in the small intestine to approximately 9 by buffering the HCI
-pepsin is inactivated due to the basic environment
-ulcers are prevented

28
Q

What is the function of the liver and gall bladder together?

A

-bile salts are produced in the liver from a surplus of cholesterol and is stored in the gall bladder
-when lipids are present in the duodenum, it releases a hormone that triggers the release of bile salts

29
Q

How are lipids digested?

A

-the pancreas secretes lipases(enzyme) into the small intestine which digests lipids

30
Q

What is bile?

A

-made of bile acids, water, cholesterol and pigments
-enters the duodenum via the common bile duct
-bile salts emulsify lipids, increasing the surface area for mechanical digestion of the lipids and speeding up the chemical digestion so enzymes are exposed to more lipid substrate
-bile salts do not digest lipids, no bonds are broken

31
Q

What is jaundice?

A

-a yellowing of the skin and eyes due to build up of bilirubin, bile pigment
-fat digestion is impaired
-can happen if the common bile duct is blocked

32
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

-all nutrients absorbed in the capillaries of the small intestine are first brought to the liver to regulate nutrient levels
-excess nutrients are stored in the liver such as glycogen, fat, vitamins A, B12, and D
-detoxifies the body by removing poisons such as alcohol by breaking it down into useful materials

33
Q

What is liver cirrhosis?

A

-damaged liver cells are replaced by connective tissue and fat, which are not able to carry out the many normal lier duties
-happens when the liver spends a lot of time detoxifying the body

33
Q

What is the anus?

A

-inside the large intestine
-opening where solid water is eliminated from the body
-two sphincters, one voluntary and the other involuntary

34
Q

What is the large intestine?

A

-1.5 m long but wide
-moves food via peristalsis, is stimulated when waste enters
-chemical digestion is complete by the time food gets here
-water and electrolytes are reabsorbed
-rate of transit of materials through the large intestine is correlated with the fibre content
-more fibre=more speed
-contains mucus to help move undigested food into the anus

35
Q

What is the appendix?

A

-vestigial organ, no apparent function
-only noticed when infected

36
Q

What enzymes and secretions are present on the mouth?

A

-amylase
-mucus

36
Q

What hormone is present in the stomach?

A

-gastrin

37
Q

What is the rectum?

A

-inside the large intestine
-temporary feces storage area
-sends signals to brain when full to perform a bowel movement

38
Q

What enzymes and secretions are present in the stomach?

A

-HCI
-mucus
-rennin
-pepsinogen, pepsin

39
Q

What enzymes and secretions are present in the pranceas?

A

-bicarbonate ions
-amylase
-trypsinogen, trypsin
-enterokinase
-lipases
-erepsins

40
Q

What hormones are present in the small intestine?

A

-prosecretin, secretin
-cholecystokinin(CKK) that causes the gall bladder contractions
-enterogasterone, released to slow down stomach peristalsis due to fat

41
Q

What enzymes or secretions are present in the small intestine?

A

-erepsin
-disaccharidases

42
Q

What enzymes or secretions are present in the liver and gall bladder?

A

-bile salts

43
Q

What is absroption?

A

-stomach is the first stop for some water
-most absorption takes place in the small intestine

44
Q

What is villi?

A

-singular term of villus
-fingerlike projections found in the small intestine
-increase surface area of epithelium 10x
-adapted to the absorption of food, monomers
-without villi, the small intestine would be 70 m long
-there are folding of their cell membranes as well called microvilli
-this epithelium further increases the surface area
-there are different methods of membrane transport to absorb different nutrients

45
Q

What is the capillary network?

A

-tiny blood vessels where carbohydrates, vitamins, ions, and amino acids are absorbed
-intertwined with lymph vessels called lacteals where lipid monomers are absrobed

46
Q

What mainly happens in the large intestine?

A

-water absorption

47
Q

Timeline of the digestive tract

A

-mouth to stomach: 3 seconds
-stomach: 1-6 hours
small intestine: around the 6th hour
-ascending colon: around the 7th hour
-transverse colon: around the 10th hour
-rectum: around the 24th hour

48
Q

Conclusions from Ivan Pavlov’s experiments

A

-sight, smell, action of swallowing, and taste stimulate gastric juices
-gastrin is produced when partially digested proteins are in the stomach and gets carried by the blood stream

49
Q

BIGGEST TAKEAWAYS FROM DIGESTION

A

-fats take longer to digest
-pancreas and gall bladder both release their secretion in response to hormone
-entergasterone is released when fats enter the intestine to slow peristalsis
-digestion occurs in response to sensory, mechanical and hormonal stimulation

Biology 20 IB (12 decks)

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