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Biology 20 IB > B3.1 Gas Exchange > Flashcards

B3.1 Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ventilation?

A

-maintains concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries

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2
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

-movement of gases along the diffusion gradient

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3
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

-release of energy from large organic molecules
-can be aerobic (continuous movement fuelled by oxygen from the air you breathe) or anaerobic (exercise that involves short bursts of high intensity movement fulled by energy stored in your muscles)

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4
Q

What is the pathway of air?

A

-air can enter via the mouth or nose

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5
Q

What is the function of the nose?

A

-filters the air with tiny hairs and mucous
-mucous also moistens and warms air

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6
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

-air filled chamber in the mouth, shared with the digestive system

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7
Q

What is the trachea?

A

-tube supported by cartilage C-rings that is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) and mucous to clean and sweep debris away from the lungs (phlegm)

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8
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

-known was the adams apple, voice box
-protects the vocal cords which are two thing sheets of elastic ligaments that vibrate when air is forced passed them

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9
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

-inflammation of the larynx resulting in temporary loss in voice

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10
Q

What is the bronchi?

A

-known as the bronchus
-two large branches one to each lung
-contains cilia and c-rings

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11
Q

What is the bronchioles?

A

-many small branches of tubes that contain cilia leading to alveoli
-diameter is controlled by smooth muscle and can decrease in diameter (in cases of asthma)

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12
Q

What is the alveoli?

A

-150 million small sacs (tiny balloons) at the end of bronchioles
-increases surface area for gas exchange (majority of volume of lungs)
-contains type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes
-covered in capillaries so gases can enter/leave the blood

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13
Q

What are type 1 pneumocytes?

A

-thin cells that are adapted to gas exchange

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14
Q

What are type 2 pneumocytes?

A

-secrete a solution containing a surfactant which is moist and prevents the walls from sticking

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15
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A

-found in the thoracic cavity and are surrounded by the plural membrane, filled with fluid to reduce friction between the lungs and the walls of the chest cavity

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16
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm?

A

-a band of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
-regulates pressure in chest cavity

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17
Q

How do breathing movements work?

A

-different muscles are required for inspiration and expiration because muscles only do work when they contract

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18
Q

What is pleural pressure?

A

-pressure of air inside the lungs

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19
Q

How do gases move?

A

-gases move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

20
Q

What is inspiration?

A

-occurs when pleural pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure
-air goes into the lungs

21
Q

How do the muscles work during inspiration?

A

-DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS
where the lungs flatten pull downward
-chest volume is increased
-pressure is decreased
-atmospheric pressure is greater and air moves into lungs
-EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES (BETWEEN RIBS) CONTRACT pulling ribs upward and outward
-this causes an increase in chest volume and lowers pleural pressure

22
Q

What is expiration?

A

-occurs where there is a higher pressure in the pleural cavity than the atmosphere
-air goes out of lungs

23
Q

How do muscles work during expiration?

A

-DIAPHRAGM RELAXES returning to dome shape due to force of organs in the abdominal cavity
-chest volume decreases and pressure increases
-pleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure and air moves out of lungs
-EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES RELAX causing the rib cage to fall and for fluids within the pleural membrane to push against lungs and air is forced out

24
Q

What changes the pressure in the thoracic cavity

A

-muscle contractions

25
Q

What is the medulla oblongata’s role in respiration?

A

-controls breathing movements by detecting oxygen and carbon dioxide levels with chemoreceptors

26
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

-carbon dioxide chemoreceptors are called acid chemoreceptors as carbon dioxide is combined with water, it is converted into carbonic acid which forms hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
-with an increase in carbon dioxide, there is a increase in acidity which is the main regulator for breathing rate, most sensitive

27
Q

What are oxygen chemoreceptors?

A

-located in the carotid arteries and aorta which sense the levels of oxygen in blood
-less sensitive than acid chemoreceptors
-good back up system for when carbon dioxide levels remain normal but oxygen levels are low

27
Q

What is the name for carbon dioxide chemoreceptors

A

-acid chemoreceptors

28
Q

What is the process of the chemoreceptors and medulla oblongata?

A

-as carbon dioxide levels rise, the medulla sense it sending nerve messages to the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm to increase breathing rate to lower carbon dioxide levels

29
Q

How do oxygen chemoreceptors work?

A

-when oxygen levels decrease, the carotid and aorta senses it and send a message to the medulla who sends nerve impulses to the intercostal muscles and diaphragm causing the breathing rate to increase which goes up with oxygen levels

30
Q

Can a person hold their breath indefinitely?

A

-once carbon dioxide levels reach a certain level in the medulla and takes over and automatically restores oxygen levels
-in drug overdoses, the drugs impede the actions of the medulla oblongata to a point where oxygen levels can no longer sustain life

31
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

-gases move from an area of high pressure and concentration to an area of low pressure and concentration
-in respiration oxygen has a higher concentration in the atmosphere than alveoli and the alveoli is higher than blood
-in respiration, carbon dioxide has a higher concentration in the blood than alveoli and the alveoli is higher than the atmosphere

32
Q

How does gas exchange work?

A

-once in the blood stream oxygen goes to cells and is combined with glucose in the mitochondria

33
Q

What is oxygemoglobin?

A

-the result of hemoglobin forming a weak bond with oxygen producing oxyhemoglobin allowing for more oxygen to be carried to the body for consumption(98.5%)

34
Q

What are the three ways carbon dioxide is transported?

A

-1. 9% of the carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood as carbon dioxide is more soluble than oxygen
-2. 27% of carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin
-3. 64% of carbon dioxide combines with water in the plasma to form carbonic acid through the help of carbonic anhydrase
-carbonic anhydrase increases this chemical reaction causing a lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide

35
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A

-facilitates the conversion between carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) and its dissociative ions (HCO3− and H+)

36
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

-an apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs

37
Q

What is a spirogram?

A

-graph of the measurement of lung capacity

38
Q

What is lung capacity?

A

-the total volume of lungs, usually 4-6 liters

39
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

-amount of air that is inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath, approx 500 mL

40
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

-the amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled in a single breath

41
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

-the maximum volume of additional air that can expired from the end of a normal expiration

42
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

-maximum amount of additional air that can be inspired from the end of a normal inspiration

43
Q

What is residual volume?

A

-the amount of air remaining in the lung after a maximal expiration, cannot be measured with spirometer

44
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

-the study of incidence and causes of disease
-surveys used to determine cases of lung cancer

45
Q

What is lung cancer?

A

-caused by smoking (90%),
passive smoking, air pollution,
radon gas (leaks from rocks),
and asbestos.
-characterized by an
uncontrolled growth of cells
-the solid mass causes
breathing difficulties, coughing
(up blood), chest pain, fatigue,
loss of appetite, and weight loss

46
Q

What is emphysema?

A

-over inflated lungs
-caused by smoking and air
pollution
-cilia damaged leads to
buildup of mucus, infections,
and breakdown of alveolar
wall, which becomes very
thick.
-causes increased breathing
rate, heart rate, smaller lung
volume (SA)

Biology 20 IB (12 decks)

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