C1.1 Enzymes and Metabolism

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

-web of all enzyme catalyzed reactions which occur within our bodies or a cell

Question 2

What is molecular biology?

Answer 2

-explains living processes in terms of chemical substances involved

Question 3

What are the 4 most common elements in living organism?

Answer 3

-hydrogen(1 covalent bond)
-oxygen(2 covalent bonds)
-nitrogen(3 covalent bonds)
-carbon(4 covalent bonds)
-allows for diversity of stable compounds to exist

Question 4

What are organic compounds?

Answer 4

-must contain carbon compounds which include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Question 5

What is hydrocarbon?

Answer 5

-a chain of carbon atoms with only hydrogen attached to it

Question 6

What is anabolism?

Answer 6

-synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules including the formation of marcomolecules

Question 7

What is catabolism?

Answer 7

-the breakdown of complex molecules in simpler molecules

Question 8

How are carbon molecules combined?

Answer 8

-monomers form polymers
-accomplished through condensation reactions, makes water
-may need enzymes to continue of speed up reaction

Question 9

What are catalysts?

Answer 9

-chemical that controls the speed of chemical reactions without altering the products formed
-unchanged so can be used over and over

Question 9

How are carbon molecules taken apart?

Answer 9

-polymers are taken apart to become monomers
-usually done through a hydrolysis reaction, uses water
-may need enzymes to continue of speed up reaction

Question 10

What are enzymes?

Answer 10

-globular protein catalysts found within living organisms
-involves molecular motion and the collision of substrates in an active site
-can be denatured
-permits low temperature reactions by reducing the reactions activation energy
-enzymes end in as
-ex: sucrase (hydrolysis of sucrose)

Question 11

What is a subsrate?

Answer 11

-a specific molecule an enzyme acts upon
-substrate will be changed into one of the products of the reaction
-enzymes increase the possibility of reactions by bringing reactants together

Question 12

What are cofactors?

Answer 12

-inorganic molecules that help enzymes to bind with substrate molecules
-ex: iron, zinc, potassium and copper
-may work with more than one kind of enzyme

Question 12

What is an active site?

Answer 12

-area of the enzyme that combines with the substrate

Question 13

What are coenzymes?

Answer 13

-organic molecules synthesized from vitamins that help enzymes to bind with substrate molecules
-may work with more than one kind of enzyme

Question 14

What is a competitive inhibitor?

Answer 14

-molecules with shapes very similar to substrate and will compete with substrate for the active site
-ex: CO, CN, penicillin

Question 15

What are non-competitive inhibitors?

Answer 15

-a substance that binds with a site other than active site and changes the active site adding more substrate has no effect

Question 16

What is feedback inhibition?

Answer 16

-inhibition of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the final product of the pathway
-the final product combines with the enzyme at the regulatory site which changes the enzyme shape
-cookies telling the ingredients theres too much sugar

Question 17

How does temperature affect enzymes?

Answer 17

-heat will increase the reaction rates of molecules, more collisions
-peaks at 37 degrees because enzymes denature at any higher changing their active sites
-reason why high fevers are dangerous

Question 18

How does pH affect enzymes?

Answer 18

-each enzyme functions best within a certain pH range
-pH will disrupt hydrogen bonds between amino and acid groups changing the enzyme shape

Question 19

How does substrate concentration affect enzymes?

Answer 19

-greater number of substrate molecules, the greater rate of reaction until the number of substrate exceeds the number of available enzymes then everything levels off