C3.2 Blood and Immunity

Question 1

What is blood made up of?

Answer 1

-55% is fluid
-45% is cells
-a 70 kg person has about 5 L of blood in them

Question 2

What is blood plasma?

Answer 2

-the fluid portion of the blood
-90% water
-the other 10% is blood proteins, glucose, vitamins, minerals, dissolved gasses, and waste

Question 3

What is albumin?

Answer 3

-establishes osmotic pressure and helps maintain body fluid levels

Question 4

What are globulins?

Answer 4

-antibodies that provide protection against invading mircobes

Question 5

What are the three blood plasma proteins?

Answer 5

-albumins
-globulins
-fibrinogen

Question 6

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 6

-red bloods cells that transport oxygen with the help of hemoglobin

Question 6

What are fibrinogen?

Answer 6

-important in blood clotting

Question 7

What is hemoglobin?

Answer 7

-hemoglobin is a respiratory pigment that carries oxygen

Question 8

What do red blood cells carry oxygen?

Answer 8

-oxygen diffuses from the air and into the blood plasma
-from there it is picked up by hemoglobin which greatly increases the capacity of blood to carry oxygen

Question 9

What the the two parts of hemoglobin?

Answer 9

-four parts heme, iron containing pigment
-globin, protein structure surrounded by heme

Question 9

What happens if there was no hemoglobin?

Answer 9

-without it, red blood cells would carry enough oxygen for 5 seconds of life
-with hemoglobin, it is more like 5 minutes getting replenished about every minute

Question 10

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 10

-red blood cells
-appears in a biconcave shape
-extremely small
-doesn’t have a nucleus
-production is rapid in the bone marrow at approximately five million produced every minute
-male shave approximately 5.5 million red blood cells per mL of blood (MORE THAN FEMALES DUE TO HIGHER MUSCLE MASS)
-females have approximately 4.5 million red blood cells per mL of blood

Question 11

What are they three types of blood cells?

Answer 11

-erythrocytes
-leukocytes
-platelets

Question 12

How are erythrocytes formed?

Answer 12

-formed through erythropoiesis (process of making red blood cells)
-starts as nucleated stem cells
-cells divide and shrink as they take up hemoglobin
-eventually the nucleus disappears

Question 13

What can increase erythrocyte production?

Answer 13

-exercise
-high altitude
-hemorrhage
-all causes low oxygen levels in the blood
-body responds by creating more red blood cells

Question 14

What is diapedesis?

Answer 14

-process by which white blood cells squeeze through clefts between capillary cells

Question 14

What is anemia?

Answer 14

-deficiency in hemoglobin or red blood cells decrease oxygen delivery to tissue

Question 14

What are leukocytes?

Answer 14

-white blood cells
-less numerous than red blood cells, outnumbered by about 700 to 1(increases when sick)
-distinct shape and several types
-produced in bone marrow as well as lymph nodes
-has a nucleus

Question 15

How do leukocytes work?

Answer 15

-they engulf invading microbes via phagocytosis and release an enzyme to destroy it and itself
-the leftovers from that mess becomes puss
-forms special proteins called antibodies

Question 16

What is a blood clot?

Answer 16

-responsible for preventing loss of blood
-platelets are key to creating blood clots as they move through the blood vessels

Question 17

What are platelets?

Answer 17

-doesn’t have a nucleus
-produced in bone marrow
-fragmented or irregularly shaped
-initiate blood clotting process

Question 18

What happens if there is a thrombus in the heart?

Answer 18

-it is classified as a coronary thrombus and might result in a heart attack

Question 18

How are blood clots formed?

Answer 18

-platelets break apart releasing a protein called thromboplastin
-thromboplastin with calcium activates a plasma protein called prothrombin
-prothrombin is transformed into thrombin
-thrombin acts upon fibrinogen converting it to fibrin threads
-the threads then wrap around the damaged area sealing it resulting in a thrombus, blood clot

Question 19

What is a thrombus?

Answer 19

-stops the flow of blood and oxygen to an area
-can be dangerous

Question 20

What are the different types of glycoprotein markers?

Answer 20

-A marker
-B marker

Question 20

What happens if there is a thrombus in the brain?

Answer 20

-a thrombus in the brain is a cerebral thrombus and will result in a stroke

Question 21

What do the makers act as?

Answer 21

-the markers act as an antigen which is a substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies

Question 22

How are different blood types distinguished?

Answer 22

-glycoproteins are the special markers on blood cell membranes that we use to distinguish between different blood groups

Question 23

What are antibodies?

Answer 23

-antibodies are produced in response to a forgein invader

Question 24

What blood type is the universal acceptor?

Answer 24

-type AB+
-contains both antigens and the rhesus factor

Question 24

What do antibodies because blood to do?

Answer 24

-antibodies in blood plasma attach to an antigen causing blood to clump

Question 25

What is the clumping of blood?

Answer 25

-agglutination

Question 26

What blood type is the universal donor?

Answer 26

-type O-
-doesn’t have any of the antigens or rhesus factor

Question 27

What is the rhesus factor?

Answer 27

-found on red blood cells
-another antigen
-inherited from parents
-if you have the antigen you are Rh+, like 85% of Canadians
-if not, you are Rh-

Question 28

How does donations work with the rhesus factor?

Answer 28

-Rh- can donate to Rh+ but cannot receive Rh+ blood
-becomes super important during pregnancy

Question 29

What does the rhesus factor have to do with pregnancy?

Answer 29

-if an Rh- female and a Rh+ male reproduce, the baby will be Rh+
-when the baby is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-. it causes a condition called erythroblastosis fetalis, blue baby
-the mother blood will detect the Rh antigens at birth and trigger a production of antibodies, the first baby will be fine
-however, with the second pregnancy, the mother blood will contain the antibody and if the blood mixes, fatal issues and arise

Question 30

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

Answer 30

-a blood disorder that occurs when the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible regarding the Rh factor, Rh- in the mother and Rh+ in the baby