difficult topics

Question 1

Attributional ambiguity

Answer 1

uncertainty about the causes of an individual’s behavior or outcomes.

Question 2

Coding in qualitative research

Answer 2

organizing and interpreting qualitative data through categorization.

Question 3

The sociology of conflict

Answer 3

A field of study that examines the causes and consequences of social conflicts.

Question 4

Gender role deviance

Answer 4

Behavior that does not conform to traditional gender roles.

Question 5

Intersectionality

Answer 5

A framework for understanding how various social identities intersect and impact experiences of oppression.

Question 6

Corell et al vs Doering study

Answer 6

Doering focuses more on Ambiguity in daily experiences, both use Experimental methods to simulate real-world judgment

Question 7

Limits to interpersonal knowledge

Answer 7

Simmel’s theory
suggests there are boundaries to what we can know about others.

Question 8

Alicia’s experience in Doering study

Answer 8

ambiguous incidents: being ignored until a man repeats her idea
she was overlooked because of her gender

Question 9

Loyalty versus self-advocacy tension

Answer 9

The conflict between being loyal to a group and advocating for one’s own needs.

Question 10

Ecological validity

Answer 10

The extent to which research findings can be generalized to real-world settings.

Question 11

Criterion validity

Answer 11

The degree to which a measure correlates with an outcome it should predict.

Question 12

Construct validity

Answer 12

The extent to which a test measures the theoretical construct it is intended to measure.

Question 13

Measurement validity

Answer 13

The accuracy of a measure in representing the concept it is intended to measure.

Question 14

Respondent fatigue

Answer 14

A decline in response quality due to the length or difficulty of a survey.

Question 15

Unit of analysis

Answer 15

The major entity that is being analyzed in a study.

Question 16

Community advisory panels

Answer 16

Groups that provide input and feedback on research projects from a community perspective.

Question 17

Dependent variable

Answer 17

The outcome variable that researchers are trying to explain or predict.

Question 18

Independent variable

Answer 18

The variable that is manipulated or controlled in an experiment.

Question 19

Mediator variable

Answer 19

A variable that explains the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Question 20

Moderator variable

Answer 20

A variable that affects the strength or direction of the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

Question 21

True experiment

Answer 21

An experimental design that includes random assignment to conditions.

Question 22

Dichotomous variable

Answer 22

A variable that has two distinct categories or values.

Question 23

Index measure

Answer 23

A composite measure that combines multiple indicators to represent a single concept.

Question 24

Acquiescence bias

Answer 24

The tendency of respondents to agree with statements regardless of their actual beliefs.

Question 25

Audit study

Answer 25

A research method that involves sending matched pairs of individuals to apply for jobs or services to measure discrimination.

Question 26

Family devotion schema

Answer 26

A cognitive framework that emphasizes the importance of family roles and responsibilities.

Question 27

Discrepant dependent variables

Answer 27

Dependent variables that yield conflicting results in research.

Question 28

Status characteristics theory

Answer 28

A theory that explains how social status influences interactions and outcomes in groups.

Question 29

C-QWELS study

Answer 29

A specific research study examining quality of life and well-being in the work environment (ex. financial stress). The Canadian Quality of Work and Economic Life Study

Question 30

Longitudinal study

Answer 30

collect data over time

Question 31

Chain mediation

Answer 31

A process where a mediator variable transmits the effect of an independent variable to a dependent variable through another mediator.

Question 32

Mastery

Answer 32

A sense of control over one's life and environment.

Question 33

What did they use for data analysis in the Schieman study?

Answer 33

Vivo coding of interview transcripts

Question 34

Panel study

Answer 34

A study that collects data from the same subjects at multiple points in time.

Question 35

Cross-sectional survey

Answer 35

A survey that collects data from a population at a single point in time.

Question 36

Reliability

Answer 36

The consistency of a measure across time and contexts.

Question 37

Validity

Answer 37

The degree to which a measure accurately reflects the concept it is intended to measure.

Question 38

Segmented assimilation theory

Answer 38

A theory that explains the different pathways of immigrant integration into society.

Question 39

Model Minority Myth

Answer 39

The stereotype that certain minority groups are more successful than others, often ignoring systemic barriers.

Question 40

Oppositional Culture Theory

Answer 40

A theory that suggests some marginalized groups develop a culture that opposes mainstream values.

Question 41

Independent variable in immigrant popularity study (ye and fletcher)

Answer 41

GPA

Question 42

cross sectional study

Answer 42

while cross-sectional studies collect data at one point in time.

Question 43

ye and fletcher rq

Answer 43

Do “high-achieving students of color” become less popular among their peers if they display academic excellence?

Question 44

ye and fletcher hypothesis

Answer 44

The effect of academic achievement on popularity among peers is negative for Black and American Indian youth from native-born families and nonexistent or positive for immigrant minority students of any race/ethnicity

Question 45

theories in ye and fletcher study

Answer 45

- oppositional culture theory - segmented assimilation theory - model minority myth + Asian success frame

Question 46

ye and fletcher research design

Answer 46

this paper reflects a “secondary data analysis” because the data has already been collected by other researchers and are (often) publically for sociologists/anyone to analyze use an existing dataset from a survey: the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health.

Question 47

operationalization in ye and fletcher study

Answer 47

popularity: friendship nominations; are derived from a measure of the number of times students were nominated by another student as one of their 10 best friends GPA: GPA is constructed from student’s grades in 4 subjects; english, math, history, and science average grade for all subjects for which the student the student has a grade (A=4, B=3, C=2, D or less=1)

Question 48

ye and fletcher evidence of a penalty

Answer 48

among straight-a students from native-born families receive about one more friendship nomination than do native non-white and second-generation immigrant students, and about two more nominations then do foreign-born students

Question 49

research process/scientific method steps

Answer 49

▪ Specify the problem/research question ▪ Review the scientific literature ▪ Propose a theory and state hypotheses ▪ Select a research design ▪ Define measurement of variables ▪ Collect the data ▪ Analyze the data ▪ Draw conclusions ▪ Disseminate the results

Question 50

deductive approach

Answer 50

starts with a general theory or hypothesis and then uses specific observations or data to test it

Question 51

inductive approach

Answer 51

begins with a researcher collecting data that is relevant to the research study