Different political ideologies about forms of government (3)

Question 1

What did the capitalist approach that some African countries adopted entail?

Answer 1

Some African countries adopted a capitalist approach, which relied on foreign investment and stronger economic ties with Western countries.

Question 2

Which countries followed the capitalist approach? (4)

Answer 2

Kenya
Côte d’Ivoire
Nigeria
Botswana.

Question 3

In Kenya, the capitalist economic approach meant ____ ____- but not state control - of the economy.

Answer 3

state involvement

Question 4

What happened to the land that had formerly belonged to white settlers in Kenya?

Answer 4

The land that had formerly belonged to white settlers was bought by the government and sold to individual African farmers.

Question 5

Why did the Kenyan government establish marketing boards?

Answer 5

The government established marketing boards to provide credit and technical assistance to these farmers, and to help new manufacturing industries. It encouraged foreign investment, but African-owned businesses and African entrepreneurs became an important feature of the economy. Foreign investment stimulated industrial development, and for the first 10 years after independence, Kenya had good economic growth.

Question 6

Why were people critical of Kenya’s economic system?

Answer 6

Critics, however, pointed out that the economic system had promoted the emergence of a wealthy elite, and that Kenya was still dependent on Western investments.

Question 7

Côte d’Ivoire also applied capitalist policies and encouraged ____ ______ in the cocoa, coffee and timber industries. It soon had one of the wealthiest economies in Africa.

Answer 7

foreign investment

Question 8

Where did most of the wealth go in Côte d’Ivoire?

Answer 8

However, most of the wealth went to the towns and cities and not to the peasant farmers, who made up most of the population.

Question 9

What did multi-party democracies end up leading to?

Answer 9

At the time of independence, many former colonies set up multi-party democracies. However, many of them later became one-party states.

Question 10

What was there a lack of before independence in African colonies?

Answer 10

Before independence, there was a lack of democracy in the African colonies. In most colonies Africans had no say in how the colonies were governed.

Question 11

However, when the colonial powers handed overpower, they expected their former colonies to run as ____-_____ democracies.

Answer 11

multi-party

Question 12

What happened in most newly independent states?

Answer 12

In most newly independent states, many parties participated in elections for the first new governments, and initially, there was a commitment to maintaining democracy.

Question 13

However, in many states, multi-party democratic systems were soon replaced by more _____ systems.

Answer 13

authoritarian

Question 14

By the late 1980s, only Botswana had maintained an ____ record of democracy since independence. From 1966 onwards, it held elections every five years. And although the ruling ____ _____ _____ won most of the votes in the country as a whole, the opposition parties were allowed to operate freely and they won majorities in the councils of some of the towns.

Answer 14

unbroken

Botswana Democratic Party

Question 15

What did African states abandon?

Answer 15

Many African states abandoned democratic forms of government after independence and became one-party states.

Question 16

What do historians believe was the main reason behind these independent states becoming authoritative?

Answer 16

Some historians believe that part of the explanation for this lies in the legacy of colonial rule. There was no tradition of democratic rule. The colonial authorities stayed in power by using force to silence any criticism or opposition.

Question 17

The leaders also gave other explanations for adopting a one-party system: (4)

Answer 17

• Traditional African societies had been based on the authority of chiefs, who ruled by getting the agreement (or consensus) of other people. They did not have competitive elections and rivalry between different parties, as in Western forms of democracy.
• A one-party system would be the most straightforward, cheap and efficient to carry out the urgently needed economic and social development policies.
• It would create a unity which was important for nation-building and was a way of avoiding ethnic divisions.
• Marxists believed that a small group was needed to lead the masses and make sure that the proper goals for economic and social development were put in place.

Question 18

What did one-party states lead to?

Answer 18

One-party states often led to an abuse of power, with the ruling party giving itself the powers of a dictator to silence criticism. Some relied on the army to stay in power, which often resulted in army leaders staging coups and establishing military dictatorships.

Question 19

Give examples of dictatorships in Africa. (3)

Answer 19

• Mobuto Sese Seko in the Congo
• Idi Amin in Uganda
• Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia

Question 20

By the late 1980s, 31 countries had experienced successful ____ _____, and half the countries in Africa were under military rule. Therefore, although there were many common factors that led to the independence of Africa from colonialism, each African country experienced independence in its own particular way.

Answer 20

military coups

Question 21

As in other parts of the world, some countries adopted ideas of ____, others of capitalism. Some states were ____, others ruled by single parties or authoritarian rulers.

Answer 21

socialism

democratic