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Health and Food Tech Unit 1 > Dietary Diseases > Flashcards

Dietary Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 9 dietary diseases?

A
  1. obesity
  2. coronary heart disease
  3. hypertension
  4. strokes
  5. anaemia
  6. type 2 diabetes
  7. osteoporosis
  8. dental caries
  9. bowel disease
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2
Q

what is obesity?

A

the condition of being very overweight with a very high degree of body fat

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3
Q

what are 5 effects that obesity has on health?

A
  1. high blood pressure
  2. strokes
  3. coronary heart disease
  4. type 2 diabetes
  5. depression
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4
Q

what are 4 dietary factors causing obesity?

A
  1. high sugar diet
  2. high fat diet
  3. reluctance to eat fruit n veg
  4. diet low in fibre and total complex carbs
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5
Q

how does a high sugar diet cause obesity?

A

• sweets and sugary drinks contain a high quantity of sugar

• drinks with added sugar or fizzy drinks will increase energy intake and contribute to weight gain

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6
Q

how does a high fat diet cause obesity?

A

fast foods and convenience foods are popular and have a high fat and energy content which will contribute to weight gain

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7
Q

how does a reluctance to eat fruit n veg cause obesity?

A

some people choose to snack on high fat and sugar foods rather than fruit n veg - this can be due to limited availability in the home due to cost, or lack of knowledge on how to prepare these foods

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8
Q

how does a diet low in fibre and total complex carbs cause obesity?

A

these are both filling, so if someone doesn’t eat enough they may choose to snack on high fat and sugar foods which may cause obesity

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9
Q

what are the 6 non-dietary causes of obesity?

A
  1. parental influence
  2. lifestyle
  3. lack of exercise + physical activity
  4. family income
  5. psychological factors
  6. advertising + media
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10
Q

how does parental influence cause obesity?

A

poor eating habits tend to be passed down through families - could be due to a lack of food prep skills which leads to a reliance on convenience foods which are high in fat and sugar, and low in fruit, veg, and fibre

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11
Q

how does lifestyle cause obesity?

A

lack of time for shopping results in a preference for quick-to-prepare convenience meals which require little food prep and cooking, and are often high in fat and sugar

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12
Q

why may people have reduced exercise and physical activity? (which leads to obesity)

A

• increased use of cars
• high cost of sports facilities
• teenagers prefer watching tv or playing video games

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13
Q

how does family income cause obesity?

A

• people may buy cheaper and poorer quality food if they have a reduced income

• if they have a high income they may buy more snacks and takeaways as money is more disposable

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14
Q

how do psychological factors cause obesity?

A

if someone is anxious, depressed, bored, or lonely they may find eating a great comfort - so do so to excess

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15
Q

how does advertising and the media cause obesity?

A

people are encouraged to buy products endorsed by celebrities which can be unhealthy

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16
Q

what scottish dietary goal prevents obesity?

A

reduce total fat to no more than 35% of total food energy

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17
Q

what is coronary heart disease?

A

when the arteries that carry blood from the heart become narrowed with a build-up of cholesterol

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18
Q

what can heart disease lead to?

A
  1. angina: when oxygen is prevented from reaching the heart via blood, causing chest pains
  2. heart attacks and strokes: blood clots can form in the artery
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19
Q

what are 7 dietary factors causing heart disease?

A
  1. diet high in sugar
  2. diet high in saturated fat
  3. diet high in salt
  4. diet high in alcohol
  5. diet low in fruit n veg
  6. diet low in fibre/total complex carbs
  7. diet low in polysaturated fats
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20
Q

how does a diet high in sugar cause heart disease?

A

people who develop type 2 diabetes are more at risk of CHD

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21
Q

how does a diet high in saturated fat cause CHD?

A

this will raise LDL cholesterol causing a build up on the artery, causing blood clots

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22
Q

how does a diet high in salt cause CHD?

A

too much salt can lead to high blood pressure

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23
Q

how does a diet high in alcohol lead to CHD?

A

a high intake of alcohol can lead to high blood pressure

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24
Q

how does a diet low in fruit n veg lead to CHD?

A

fruit n veg contain antioxidants which slow down the rate that LDL cholesterol sticks to the artery wall

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25
Q

how does a diet low in fibre and total complex carbs lead to CHD?

A

they help to reduce LDL cholesterol in the blood and fills you up with prevents you snacking on fatty and sugary foods

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26
Q

how does a diet low in polyunsaturated fat cause CHD?

A

they reduce the risk of blood clots forming and omega 3 helps to reduce cholesterol

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27
Q

what are 4 non-dietary factors that cause CHD?

A
  1. smoking
  2. lack of exercise
  3. age
  4. hereditary
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28
Q

how does smoking cause CHD?

A

cigarettes contain nicotine which cause the heart to beat faster - increasing blood pressure

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29
Q

how does lack of exercise cause CHD?

A

exercise can reduce the risk of obesity and high blood pressure

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30
Q

how does age cause CHD?

A

as people get older they become less active

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31
Q

how does hereditary cause CHD?

A

there may be a greater risk of someone developing CHD if there is a history of it in the family

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32
Q

what scottish dietary goal prevents CHD?

A

reduce saturated fat to no more than 11% of total food energy

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33
Q

what is hypertension?

A

another name for high blood pressure

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34
Q

what are the 4 effects of hypertension on health?

A
  1. tiredness
  2. pale skin
  3. breathlessness
  4. dizziness
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35
Q

what are the 2 dietary factors causing hypertension?

A
  1. diet high in salt
  2. diet high in saturated fat
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36
Q

how does a diet high in salt cause hypertension?

A

salt makes your body retain water - if you have too much the extra water stored in your body raises your blood pressure

37
Q

how does a diet high in saturated fat cause hypertension?

A

it will raise LDL cholesterol which will cause a build up, narrowing the artery and increasing the pressure that blood has to flow to the heart

38
Q

what are 3 non-dietary factors that cause hypertension?

A
  1. lack of exercise
  2. smoking
  3. stress
39
Q

how does a lack of exercise cause hypertension?

A

regular physical activity makes the heart muscle stronger - the heart can work less to pump the blood, the force on the artery decreases, lowering blood pressure

40
Q

how does smoking cause hypertension?

A

smoking temporarily raises blood pressure and also adds the damage that high blood pressure may cause to the heart and blood vessels

41
Q

how does stress cause hypertension?

A

blood pressure temporarily increases in stressful situations

42
Q

what is a stroke?

A

when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off by a blood clot

43
Q

what are 5 causes of strokes?

A
  1. anything causing hypertension
  2. obesity
  3. high cholesterol levels
  4. diabetes
  5. excessive alcohol intake
44
Q

what is anaemia?

A

when red blood cells do not have their full quota of haemoglobin - resulting in less oxygen being carried around the body and cells not working efficiently

45
Q

what are 4 effects of anaemia on health?

A
  1. tiredness
  2. pale skin
  3. dizziness
  4. breathlessness
46
Q

what are 5 dietary causes of anaemia?

A
  1. diet low in iron
  2. diet low in vitamin c
  3. diet high in fibre
  4. diet low in folic acid
  5. diet high in phytic acid
47
Q

how does a diet low in iron cause anaemia?

A

iron rich foods provide the body with haemoglobin which helps transport oxygen around the body

48
Q

how does a diet low in vitamin c cause anaemia?

A

is needed to change iron into a more absorbable state - so a diet lacking in vitamin c would make iron unavailable ti the body

49
Q

how does a diet high in fibre cause anaemia?

A

if high levels of fibre are consumed with iron rich foods, they bind with the iron and remove them from the body

50
Q

how does a diet low in folic acid cause anaemia?

A

if there is a lack of iron in the diet then folic acid is used to help turn the iron into it’s more absorbable state - from ferric to ferrous

51
Q

how can a diet high in phytic acid cause anaemia?

A

phytic acid hinders the absorption of iron

52
Q

what scottish dietary goal prevents anaemia?

A

intake of red meat and processed meat to be maintained at around 70g per day

53
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin to function properly - glucose stays in the blood causing a build up of sugars

54
Q

what are 6 effects of t2d on health?

A
  1. heart disease
  2. strokes
  3. hypertension
  4. kidney failure
  5. blindness
  6. circulation problems - may result in amputation of one or both legs
55
Q

what are 2 dietary factors causing t2d?

A
  1. diet high in fat and sugar
  2. diet low in fruit n veg
56
Q

how does a diet high in fat and sugar cause t2d?

A

excess energy that is not used will be stored as fat resulting in weight gain - weight gain increases the need for insulin but the pancreas cannot then produce enough insulin, so blood sugars are not broken down and the risk of t2d increases

57
Q

how does a diet low in fruit n veg cause t2d?

A

fruit n veg help provide fibre which helps lower blood sugar levels, so a diet lacking in them can increase the risk of t2d

58
Q

what are 2 non-dietary factors causing t2d?

A
  1. lack of exercise
  2. family history
59
Q

how does a lack of exercise cause t2d?

A

not taking part in regular exercise will result in weight gain as energy consumed is not used - weight gain increases the need for insulin but the pancreas cannot then produce enough insulin, so blood sugars are not broken down and the risk of t2d increases

60
Q

how does family history cause t2d?

A

there may be a greater risk of someone developing t2d if there is a history of it in the family

61
Q

what are dental caries?

A

tooth decay - bacteria in the mouth feed on the sugar, producing acid which dissolves the outer layer of the teeth

62
Q

what are 4 effects of dental caries on health?

A
  1. gum disease
  2. toothache
  3. abscesses
  4. loss of teeth
63
Q

what are 4 dietary causes of dental caries?

A
  1. high sugar diet
  2. not enough calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin d
  3. not enough vitamin c
  4. high salt diet
64
Q

how does a a high sugar diet cause dental caries?

A

sweets + fizzy drinks contain high quantities of sugar and it stays on the teeth - bacteria feed on the sugar producing acid which dissolves the enamel of the teeth leading to dental caries

65
Q

how does a diet lacking calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin d cause dental caries?

A

these nutrients work together to build hard enamel on the outside of the teeth, so if there is a lack of them the enamel is weaker and the damage from the acid (produced by bacteria feeding on sugars in the mouth) will be greater

66
Q

how does a diet lacking in vitamin c cause dental caries?

A

it helps to keep gums healthy which in turn prevents dental caries

67
Q

how does a diet high in salt cause dental caries?

A

eating too much salt could lead to a loss of calcium which in turn could weaken teeth

68
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

porous bones/brittle bone disease - where our bones lose some calcium

69
Q

what are 4 effects of osteoporosis on health?

A
  1. bones become thinner and weaker - more liable to break
  2. backache
  3. getting shorter
  4. development of a stoop due to the spinal bones becoming weaker
70
Q

what are 4 dietary factors causing osteoporosis?

A
  1. diet low in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin d
  2. diet high in fibre
  3. diet high in salt
  4. diet high in alcohol
71
Q

how does a diet low in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin d cause osteoporosis?

A

these nutrients work together to ensure bones are strong, so if any of them are missing from the interrelationship then bones will become/form weak

72
Q

how does a diet high in fibre cause osteoporosis?

A

high intakes of fibre can result in calcium being removed from the body

73
Q

how can a diet high in salt cause osteoporosis?

A

too much salt in the diet causes calcium to be lost from the bones

74
Q

how does a diet high in alcohol cause osteoporosis?

A

alcohol is a toxin to the bone cells which may lead to increased bone density

75
Q

what are 2 non-dietary factors causing osteoporosis?

A
  1. lack of exercise
  2. smoking
76
Q

how does a lack of exercise cause osteoporosis?

A

exercise strengthens bone mass so a lack of exercise will result in bones becoming weaker

77
Q

how does smoking cause osteoporosis?

A

nicotine contributes to bone loss

78
Q

what are 3 types of bowel disease?

A
  1. constipation
  2. bowel cancer
  3. diverticular disease
79
Q

what is constipation?

A

farces become hard and difficult to remove from the body

80
Q

what is diverticular disease?

A

caused by the strain put on the small intestine from constipation - the muscle wall of the intestine works harder if faeces are hard. this increased pressure causes pockets to form on the intestine wall which become infected and painful

81
Q

what are 4 effects of bowel disease on health?

A
  1. bloating
  2. wind
  3. abdominal pain
  4. infection
82
Q

what are 4 dietary factors that can cause bowel disease?

A
  1. diet low in fibre
  2. diet low in water
  3. diet low in fruit n veg
  4. diet high in convenience foods
83
Q

how does a diet low in fibre cause bowel disease?

A

faeces will be harder leading to pain/strain on the muscle walls causing bloating, wind, constipation, and diverticular disease

84
Q

how does a diet low in water cause bowel disease?

A

water is needed with fibre to soften faeces, if there is a lack of water then they will be harder and difficult to remove from the body causing bloating, wind, constipation, and diverticular disease

85
Q

how does a diet low in fruit n veg cause bowel disease?

A

snacking on high fat and sugary foods rather than fruit n veg results in a diet low in fibre. fruit n veg also contain water which if lacking can make waste hard

86
Q

how can a diet high in convenience foods cause bowel disease?

A

these products are low in fibre and high in fat

87
Q

what are 2 non-dietary factors causing bowel disease?

A
  1. lack of exercise
  2. lack of time/skills
88
Q

how does a lack of exercise cause bowel disease?

A

regular exercise improves the effectiveness of the digestive system, helping push food along the gut and through the bowels - reducing likelihood of constipation

89
Q

how does a lack of time/skill cause bowel disease?

A

a lack of time to prepare fresh foods/skills to prepare fresh foods can lead to a reliance on convenience foods - theses foods are often high in fat/sugar, and salt, and low in fibre or fresh veg

Health and Food Tech Unit 1 (10 decks)

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