Dietary Diseases Flashcards
what are the 9 dietary diseases?
- obesity
- coronary heart disease
- hypertension
- strokes
- anaemia
- type 2 diabetes
- osteoporosis
- dental caries
- bowel disease
what is obesity?
the condition of being very overweight with a very high degree of body fat
what are 5 effects that obesity has on health?
- high blood pressure
- strokes
- coronary heart disease
- type 2 diabetes
- depression
what are 4 dietary factors causing obesity?
- high sugar diet
- high fat diet
- reluctance to eat fruit n veg
- diet low in fibre and total complex carbs
how does a high sugar diet cause obesity?
• sweets and sugary drinks contain a high quantity of sugar
• drinks with added sugar or fizzy drinks will increase energy intake and contribute to weight gain
how does a high fat diet cause obesity?
fast foods and convenience foods are popular and have a high fat and energy content which will contribute to weight gain
how does a reluctance to eat fruit n veg cause obesity?
some people choose to snack on high fat and sugar foods rather than fruit n veg - this can be due to limited availability in the home due to cost, or lack of knowledge on how to prepare these foods
how does a diet low in fibre and total complex carbs cause obesity?
these are both filling, so if someone doesn’t eat enough they may choose to snack on high fat and sugar foods which may cause obesity
what are the 6 non-dietary causes of obesity?
- parental influence
- lifestyle
- lack of exercise + physical activity
- family income
- psychological factors
- advertising + media
how does parental influence cause obesity?
poor eating habits tend to be passed down through families - could be due to a lack of food prep skills which leads to a reliance on convenience foods which are high in fat and sugar, and low in fruit, veg, and fibre
how does lifestyle cause obesity?
lack of time for shopping results in a preference for quick-to-prepare convenience meals which require little food prep and cooking, and are often high in fat and sugar
why may people have reduced exercise and physical activity? (which leads to obesity)
• increased use of cars
• high cost of sports facilities
• teenagers prefer watching tv or playing video games
how does family income cause obesity?
• people may buy cheaper and poorer quality food if they have a reduced income
• if they have a high income they may buy more snacks and takeaways as money is more disposable
how do psychological factors cause obesity?
if someone is anxious, depressed, bored, or lonely they may find eating a great comfort - so do so to excess
how does advertising and the media cause obesity?
people are encouraged to buy products endorsed by celebrities which can be unhealthy
what scottish dietary goal prevents obesity?
reduce total fat to no more than 35% of total food energy
what is coronary heart disease?
when the arteries that carry blood from the heart become narrowed with a build-up of cholesterol
what can heart disease lead to?
- angina: when oxygen is prevented from reaching the heart via blood, causing chest pains
- heart attacks and strokes: blood clots can form in the artery
what are 7 dietary factors causing heart disease?
- diet high in sugar
- diet high in saturated fat
- diet high in salt
- diet high in alcohol
- diet low in fruit n veg
- diet low in fibre/total complex carbs
- diet low in polysaturated fats
how does a diet high in sugar cause heart disease?
people who develop type 2 diabetes are more at risk of CHD
how does a diet high in saturated fat cause CHD?
this will raise LDL cholesterol causing a build up on the artery, causing blood clots
how does a diet high in salt cause CHD?
too much salt can lead to high blood pressure
how does a diet high in alcohol lead to CHD?
a high intake of alcohol can lead to high blood pressure
how does a diet low in fruit n veg lead to CHD?
fruit n veg contain antioxidants which slow down the rate that LDL cholesterol sticks to the artery wall
how does a diet low in fibre and total complex carbs lead to CHD?
they help to reduce LDL cholesterol in the blood and fills you up with prevents you snacking on fatty and sugary foods
how does a diet low in polyunsaturated fat cause CHD?
they reduce the risk of blood clots forming and omega 3 helps to reduce cholesterol
what are 4 non-dietary factors that cause CHD?
- smoking
- lack of exercise
- age
- hereditary
how does smoking cause CHD?
cigarettes contain nicotine which cause the heart to beat faster - increasing blood pressure
how does lack of exercise cause CHD?
exercise can reduce the risk of obesity and high blood pressure
how does age cause CHD?
as people get older they become less active
how does hereditary cause CHD?
there may be a greater risk of someone developing CHD if there is a history of it in the family
what scottish dietary goal prevents CHD?
reduce saturated fat to no more than 11% of total food energy
what is hypertension?
another name for high blood pressure
what are the 4 effects of hypertension on health?
- tiredness
- pale skin
- breathlessness
- dizziness
what are the 2 dietary factors causing hypertension?
- diet high in salt
- diet high in saturated fat
how does a diet high in salt cause hypertension?
salt makes your body retain water - if you have too much the extra water stored in your body raises your blood pressure
how does a diet high in saturated fat cause hypertension?
it will raise LDL cholesterol which will cause a build up, narrowing the artery and increasing the pressure that blood has to flow to the heart
what are 3 non-dietary factors that cause hypertension?
- lack of exercise
- smoking
- stress
how does a lack of exercise cause hypertension?
regular physical activity makes the heart muscle stronger - the heart can work less to pump the blood, the force on the artery decreases, lowering blood pressure
how does smoking cause hypertension?
smoking temporarily raises blood pressure and also adds the damage that high blood pressure may cause to the heart and blood vessels
how does stress cause hypertension?
blood pressure temporarily increases in stressful situations
what is a stroke?
when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off by a blood clot
what are 5 causes of strokes?
- anything causing hypertension
- obesity
- high cholesterol levels
- diabetes
- excessive alcohol intake
what is anaemia?
when red blood cells do not have their full quota of haemoglobin - resulting in less oxygen being carried around the body and cells not working efficiently
what are 4 effects of anaemia on health?
- tiredness
- pale skin
- dizziness
- breathlessness
what are 5 dietary causes of anaemia?
- diet low in iron
- diet low in vitamin c
- diet high in fibre
- diet low in folic acid
- diet high in phytic acid
how does a diet low in iron cause anaemia?
iron rich foods provide the body with haemoglobin which helps transport oxygen around the body
how does a diet low in vitamin c cause anaemia?
is needed to change iron into a more absorbable state - so a diet lacking in vitamin c would make iron unavailable ti the body
how does a diet high in fibre cause anaemia?
if high levels of fibre are consumed with iron rich foods, they bind with the iron and remove them from the body
how does a diet low in folic acid cause anaemia?
if there is a lack of iron in the diet then folic acid is used to help turn the iron into it’s more absorbable state - from ferric to ferrous
how can a diet high in phytic acid cause anaemia?
phytic acid hinders the absorption of iron
what scottish dietary goal prevents anaemia?
intake of red meat and processed meat to be maintained at around 70g per day
what is type 2 diabetes?
when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin to function properly - glucose stays in the blood causing a build up of sugars
what are 6 effects of t2d on health?
- heart disease
- strokes
- hypertension
- kidney failure
- blindness
- circulation problems - may result in amputation of one or both legs
what are 2 dietary factors causing t2d?
- diet high in fat and sugar
- diet low in fruit n veg
how does a diet high in fat and sugar cause t2d?
excess energy that is not used will be stored as fat resulting in weight gain - weight gain increases the need for insulin but the pancreas cannot then produce enough insulin, so blood sugars are not broken down and the risk of t2d increases
how does a diet low in fruit n veg cause t2d?
fruit n veg help provide fibre which helps lower blood sugar levels, so a diet lacking in them can increase the risk of t2d
what are 2 non-dietary factors causing t2d?
- lack of exercise
- family history
how does a lack of exercise cause t2d?
not taking part in regular exercise will result in weight gain as energy consumed is not used - weight gain increases the need for insulin but the pancreas cannot then produce enough insulin, so blood sugars are not broken down and the risk of t2d increases
how does family history cause t2d?
there may be a greater risk of someone developing t2d if there is a history of it in the family
what are dental caries?
tooth decay - bacteria in the mouth feed on the sugar, producing acid which dissolves the outer layer of the teeth
what are 4 effects of dental caries on health?
- gum disease
- toothache
- abscesses
- loss of teeth
what are 4 dietary causes of dental caries?
- high sugar diet
- not enough calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin d
- not enough vitamin c
- high salt diet
how does a a high sugar diet cause dental caries?
sweets + fizzy drinks contain high quantities of sugar and it stays on the teeth - bacteria feed on the sugar producing acid which dissolves the enamel of the teeth leading to dental caries
how does a diet lacking calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin d cause dental caries?
these nutrients work together to build hard enamel on the outside of the teeth, so if there is a lack of them the enamel is weaker and the damage from the acid (produced by bacteria feeding on sugars in the mouth) will be greater
how does a diet lacking in vitamin c cause dental caries?
it helps to keep gums healthy which in turn prevents dental caries
how does a diet high in salt cause dental caries?
eating too much salt could lead to a loss of calcium which in turn could weaken teeth
what is osteoporosis?
porous bones/brittle bone disease - where our bones lose some calcium
what are 4 effects of osteoporosis on health?
- bones become thinner and weaker - more liable to break
- backache
- getting shorter
- development of a stoop due to the spinal bones becoming weaker
what are 4 dietary factors causing osteoporosis?
- diet low in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin d
- diet high in fibre
- diet high in salt
- diet high in alcohol
how does a diet low in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin d cause osteoporosis?
these nutrients work together to ensure bones are strong, so if any of them are missing from the interrelationship then bones will become/form weak
how does a diet high in fibre cause osteoporosis?
high intakes of fibre can result in calcium being removed from the body
how can a diet high in salt cause osteoporosis?
too much salt in the diet causes calcium to be lost from the bones
how does a diet high in alcohol cause osteoporosis?
alcohol is a toxin to the bone cells which may lead to increased bone density
what are 2 non-dietary factors causing osteoporosis?
- lack of exercise
- smoking
how does a lack of exercise cause osteoporosis?
exercise strengthens bone mass so a lack of exercise will result in bones becoming weaker
how does smoking cause osteoporosis?
nicotine contributes to bone loss
what are 3 types of bowel disease?
- constipation
- bowel cancer
- diverticular disease
what is constipation?
farces become hard and difficult to remove from the body
what is diverticular disease?
caused by the strain put on the small intestine from constipation - the muscle wall of the intestine works harder if faeces are hard. this increased pressure causes pockets to form on the intestine wall which become infected and painful
what are 4 effects of bowel disease on health?
- bloating
- wind
- abdominal pain
- infection
what are 4 dietary factors that can cause bowel disease?
- diet low in fibre
- diet low in water
- diet low in fruit n veg
- diet high in convenience foods
how does a diet low in fibre cause bowel disease?
faeces will be harder leading to pain/strain on the muscle walls causing bloating, wind, constipation, and diverticular disease
how does a diet low in water cause bowel disease?
water is needed with fibre to soften faeces, if there is a lack of water then they will be harder and difficult to remove from the body causing bloating, wind, constipation, and diverticular disease
how does a diet low in fruit n veg cause bowel disease?
snacking on high fat and sugary foods rather than fruit n veg results in a diet low in fibre. fruit n veg also contain water which if lacking can make waste hard
how can a diet high in convenience foods cause bowel disease?
these products are low in fibre and high in fat
what are 2 non-dietary factors causing bowel disease?
- lack of exercise
- lack of time/skills
how does a lack of exercise cause bowel disease?
regular exercise improves the effectiveness of the digestive system, helping push food along the gut and through the bowels - reducing likelihood of constipation
how does a lack of time/skill cause bowel disease?
a lack of time to prepare fresh foods/skills to prepare fresh foods can lead to a reliance on convenience foods - theses foods are often high in fat/sugar, and salt, and low in fibre or fresh veg
