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PA10315 > Diet and nutrition > Flashcards

Diet and nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is adequate healthy nutrition?

A

An integral part of daily life that contributes to the physiological, mental and social well-being of individuals. A balanced diet that contains adequate amounts of nutrients in relation to bodily requirements.

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2
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Any physical condition resulting from either an inappropriate or inadequate diet that provides too much or too little of a necessary nutrient. It negatively affects the quality of life and learning as well as death and disease status.

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3
Q

What is the total body energy made up of?

A

The energy stored plus the energy intake minus the energy output.

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4
Q

What makes up energy output?

A

Work and heat.

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5
Q

How much of the energy released in the human body is thermal and not available for work?

A

At least 50%.

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6
Q

What is energy used for in the body?

A

Active transport of molecules, mechanical (movement of muscles) and chemical - synthesis for growth and maintenance and short/long term energy storage.

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7
Q

What is BMR?

A

Basal metabolic rate - the minimum level of energy required to sustain vital functions.

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8
Q

How is BMR measured?

A

In a fasted state in a thermo-neutral environment, the heat produced or oxygen consumed per unit time and is expressed as the calories released per kg of body mass.

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9
Q

What is TEE?

A

Total energy expenditure - BMR + dietary induced thermogenesis plus physical activity.

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10
Q

What is PAL?

A

Physical activity level

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11
Q

What is the equation for estimated average requirement (EAR)?

A

BMR x PAL.

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12
Q

What are the three different categories of macronutrients?

A

Proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

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13
Q

What is the energy content on protein per gram?

A

3.75kcal.

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14
Q

What is the energy content of fat per gram?

A

9kcal.

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15
Q

What is the energy content of carbohydrates per gram?

A

4kcal.

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16
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Vitamins (organic) and minerals (inorganic).

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17
Q

What are the two types of vitamins?

A

Water soluble (not stored) and fat soluble which are stored.

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18
Q

What are the two types of minerals?

A

Macrominerals and trace elements.

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19
Q

Give some examples of macrominerals.

A

Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl and P.

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20
Q

Give some examples of trace elements.

A

Fe, Zn, Se, Cu, Se, Mn and Mo.

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21
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

Amino group, side chain and carboxyl group.

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22
Q

What is the central carbon atom in an amino acid called?

A

The alpha carbon.

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23
Q

What is the preferred short-term energy source in a healthy body?

A

Carbohydrate.

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24
Q

How can acetyl coA be formed from carbohydrates?

A

It can be converted into glucose and other sugars which can then form acetyl coA.

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25
Q

What else can acetyl coA be formed from?

A

Fats and proteins.

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26
Q

What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?

A

Non-essential amino acids can be formed into the body from other amino acids whereas essential amino acids have to be gained through food.

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27
Q

What are three non-energy related functions of proteins/amino acids?

A

Amino acids are required for the synthesis of proteins and the precursors for other biomolecules.

28
Q

What are the two types of protein found in the body?

A

Structural and functional.

29
Q

Give examples of structural proteins.

A

Collagens, elastins and keratins.

30
Q

Give examples of functional proteins.

A

Enzymes, antibodies, receptors and hormones.

31
Q

What precursors are amino acids for other biomolecules?

A

Nucleotides (purines and pyrimidines), catecholamines, neurotransmitters and some amino acids function as neurotransmitters.

32
Q

Give an example of catecholamines.

A

Dopamine and (nor)epinephrine.

33
Q

Give examples of neurotransmitters that some amino acids are precursors for.

A

Serotonin and melatonin.

34
Q

What are some non-energy related functions of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides for biosynthesis and modification of macromolecules anf a source of fibre.

35
Q

What macromolecules do dietary carbohydrates for the biosynthesis and modification of macromolecules.

A

Glycoproteins, membrane glycolipids , glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans.

36
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

Long unbrachned polysaccharides that consist of a repeating disaccharide unit.

37
Q

Give an example of a glycosaminoglycan.

A

GAGs - hyaluronan.

38
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans used for in the body?

A

Lubricants or shock absorbers - such as protecting the joints.

39
Q

What are examples of carbohydrates that are a source of fibre?

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and resistant starch that are derived from plants.

40
Q

What is the purpose of dietary carbohydrate as a source of fibre?

A

Add bulk and thicken the contents of the GI tract. It slows the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates and fats.

41
Q

What are the monosaccharides?

A

Gluctose, fructose and galactose.

42
Q

What are the disaccharides?

A

Maltose, sucrose and lactose.

43
Q

What are some polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose.

44
Q

What are triglycerides formed from?

A

Glycerol and three different fatty acids.

45
Q

What are the characteristics of saturated fats?

A

They are solid at room temperature and are saturated with hydrogens. They increase levels of LDL in the blood stream.

46
Q

What are the characteristics of monounsaturated fatty acids?

A

They have one carbon carbon double bond and are liquid at room temperature. They can reduce LDL in the blood stream.

47
Q

How are trans fats formed?

A

By hydrogenation- small amounts are also formed naturally.

48
Q

What do trans fats do in the body?

A

They raise levels of HDL - this is referred to as the good cholesterol.

49
Q

What are non-energy related functions of fats?

A

Source of essential fatty acids, membrane biosynthesis, they act as carriers for the fat soluble vitamins, the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, the biosynthesis of lipid mediators and for the biosynthesis of proteolipids.

50
Q

What are micronutrients essential for?

A

Growth, maintenance and repair. They are needed in small quantities are participate in many metabolic/regulatory processes such as endocrine signalling, intermediary metabolism and many function as antioxidants.

51
Q

What are the most important minerals?

A

Calcium, magnesium and iron.

52
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium.

53
Q

What is calcium important for?

A

Bones, teeth and intracellular signalling and metabolic processes.

54
Q

What is iron important for in the body?

A

Essential for the formation of haemoglobin in red blood cells, as well as a cofactor for many other reactions.

55
Q

What are some symptoms and signs of anaemia?

A

Pallor, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), fatigue, tiredness, headache, breathlessness, angina, intermittent claudication (pain/cramps in lower limbs).

56
Q

What are some of the causes of anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency.

57
Q

What does DRV stand for?

A

Dietary reference values.

58
Q

What are DRVs?

A

They are population based estimates of energy and nutritional requirements for different groups of healthy individuals.

59
Q

What is EAR?

A

Estimated average requirement - an estimate of how much energy of a nutrient is essential for 50% of the population.

60
Q

What are RNIs?

A

Reference nutrient intakes - the amount of nutrient that is enough to ensure the needs of 98% of the population.

61
Q

What are LRNIs?

A

Lower reference nutrient intake, the amount of nutrient required for a very small number of people.

62
Q

What is the recommended protien intake per day?

A

0.75g per kg of body weight.

63
Q

What makes up the total carbohydrate intake?

A

All starch, sugars and dietary fibre.

64
Q

What are free sugars?

A

Sugars added to foods and drinks, as well as those naturally occurring in honey, syrups and fruit juice.

65
Q

What is total fat?

A

Saturated and unsaturated fat.

66
Q

What diseases have increased risk with obesity?

A

Cardiovascular disease, cancer and type II diabetes.

67
Q

What is decreased with obesity?

A

Mobility, quality of life and lifespan.

PA10315 (47 decks)

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