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PA10315 > Cardiac output - mechanical events and stroke volume > Flashcards

Cardiac output - mechanical events and stroke volume Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average heart rate?

A

6-72bpm.

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2
Q

What effect does a bigger heart have on stroke volume and heart beat?

A

Bigger stroke volume so slower heart beat.

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3
Q

Why do both ventricles have to have the same volume?

A

Otherwise blood would collect at a point in the body.

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4
Q

What are the two phases that the cardiac cycle can be divided into?

A

Systole and diastole. Systole is ventricular contraction and blood ejection whereas diastole is ventricular relaxation and blood filling.

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5
Q

What is the average blood pressure?

A

120mm/80mm.

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6
Q

What is the cardiac cycle mostly driven by?

A

Changes in pressure within the ventricles. There is a minor part played by atrial contraction.

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7
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction?

A

When the ventricles contract but there is no change in volume - the pressure is increasing but is not high enough yet.

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8
Q

What happens when the pressure in the ventricles continues to increase?

A

The aortic and pulmonary valves will open when the pressure is above 80mm on both sides.

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9
Q

What happens when the blood has left the heart and the pressure in the arteries starts to increase?

A

The valves will shut.

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10
Q

What draws blood into the heart?

A

There is a vacuum that is created as the heart relaxes which draws blood into the ventricles.

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11
Q

What happens when the vacuum has been created and the blood is drawn in?

A

The atria will contract to push the extra 10% of blood into ventricles.

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12
Q

What is the end diastolic volume?

A

The volume left in the heart when the heart as contracted - usually 65ml.

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13
Q

What is the maximal volume of blood the heart can hold?

A

130-140ml of blood.

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14
Q

What are the 4 stages of diastole and systole?

A

Ventricular filling, isovolumetric ventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric ventricular relaxation.

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15
Q

What is the first sound created when you listen with a stethoscope? (lub)

A

The closure of the atrioventricular valves.

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16
Q

What is the second sound created by the heart when you listen with a stethoscope? (dub)

A

The closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves.

17
Q

What causes heart murmurs?

A

The change from laminar to turbulent flow.

18
Q

What is the condition called with narrowed vessels?

A

Stenosis.

19
Q

What is it called when blood flows backwards through leaky valves?

A

Insufficiency.

20
Q

What is a septal defect?

A

A hole in the heart.

21
Q

What is pre-load (end diastolic ventricular volume) determined by?

A

Central venous pressure.

22
Q

What can affect the central venous pressure?

A

Breathing (respiratory pump) - the pressure difference between the abdomen and chest, changes in blood volume - reduced blood volume leads to reduced CVP, skeletal muscle pump - blood can be squeezed back towards the heart, and contraction of central and peripheral veins can increase CVP, gravity.

23
Q

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?

A

The idea that the ventricles contract with more force if it contains more blood. It is determined by the length-tension relationship in the muscle - the greater the strength the more tensioned developed in the cardiac muscle.

24
Q

What is the purpose of the Frank-Starling mechanism?

A

It maintains the balance between right and left sides of the heart to stop accumulation of blood in the lungs.

25
Q

What factors affect/regulate stroke volume?

A

The filling pressure (preload), the contractility and arterial pressure.

26
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

27
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

Reduced cardiac output.

28
Q

What are some of the symptoms of congestive heart failure?

A

Tiredness and shortness of breath, fluid retention.

29
Q

What is the most common type of congestive heart failure?

A

Chronic left ventricular failure - coronary artery disease leading to ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction (systolic dysfunction), hypertension (diastolic dysfunction) and cardiomyopathy (viral infection, heavy drinking).

30
Q

What is systolic dysfunction?

A

Problems with ventricular ejection.

31
Q

What is diastolic dysfunction?

A

Ventricular filling.

PA10315 (47 decks)

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