Diet and Digestion Flashcards
Kidneys
Filters waste. Produces unrine.
Brain
Controls the activities of the body.
What does HCL stand for?
Hydrochloric acid
lungs
Where gas exchange occurs
Carbohydrates function
gives you short term energy
Lipids function
For insulation and protection - long term energy store
Protein function
For growth and repair
Vitamins function
Variety of different important functions
Minerals function
Variety of different functions
Fibre function
To help digestion
Water function
A medium in which chemical reactions take place
List the 7 groups that are required in a balanced diet..
Vitamin, Minerals, Carboyhdrates, Protein, Lipids, Water, fibre
Excretion definition
The removal of metebolic waste products.
Vitamin A
function - helps vision in dark, keeps tissue healthy
Effect of deficiency - night blindness
good food source - broccoli, spinach, leafy vegetables
Vitamin C
Function - needed for tissue repairs and keeps skin/ gums healthy
Effect of deficiency - Scurvy
Good food source -Citrus fruit, kiwi
Vitamin D
Function - Teeth and bones stronger, aids absorption of calcium
Effect of deficiency - Rickets
good food souce- Dairy, fish oil
Calcium
Function - Strong bones and teeth
Effect of deficiency - osteoporosis
Good food souce - Dairy, yogurt, milk
Iron
Function - Found in haemoglobin
Effect of deficiency - Anaemia
Good food source - red meat, spinach
Fibre
Function - to help digestion
Effect of deficiency -Constipation
Good food souce- whole meal bread, baked beans
Water
Function - A medium in which chemical reaction take place
- Needed for all bodily functions
- helps metabolic reactions
Effect of deficiency- Dehydration
Good food source - Water
Salivary Amylase
Produced - salivary glands
used - mouth
Substrate - Starch
End product - Maltose
pH - Slightly alkaline
Carboydrates 3x enzymes
Salivary amylase
pancretic amylase
maltase
Pancreatic amylase
Produced - pancreases
used - duodenum
Substrate - starch
End product - Maltose
pH - Slightly alkaline
Maltase
Produced - duodenum
used - duodenum
Substrate - Maltose
End product - glucose
pH - Slightly alkaline
Protein 3x enzymes
pepsin
trypsin
peptidase
Pepsin
Produced - stomach
used - stomach
Substrate - proteins
End product - peptides
pH - acids
Trypsin
Produced - pancreas
used - duodenum
Substrate - protein
End product - peptides
pH - Slightly alkaline
Peptidases
Produced - Duodenum
used - duodenum
Substrate - peptides
End product - amino acids
pH - Slightly alkaline
Lipids enzmes x1
lipase
Lipase
Produced - Pancreas
used - duodenum
Substrate -lipids
End product - glycerol + fatty acids
pH - Slightly alkaline
Bile function
- it neutralises the acid - provides the alkaline condition needed in the dueodum
- it emulsifies fats - breaks big blobs of fats into smaller ones proivding a larger surface area
- produced in liver
- released in the gale bladder
Slavary glands
- produces salvia
- helps to moisten food
- contains enzymes amylase which stars the breakdown of starch
Mouth function
- Food is ingested
- Mechanical digestion occurs - teeth cut and crush food into small pieces - increases surface area of food
- food is mixed with saliva - salivary amylase - breaks down carbohydrates and moisten food
- This form a bolus of food which is pushed to the back of the mouth with the tongue
Teeth
- involved in mechanical digestion
- Incisors - for bitting and cutting
- Canine - for holding and cutting
- premolar and molar - crushing and churning
Oesophagus function
- Food passes down into the stomach
- Moves food through the digestion sytem by a process called peristalsis
- two sets of muscles are involved - circular and longitudinal muscles - causes wave like contractions
Stomach
- muscles bag that stores food for several hours
- HCL is secreted - makes stomach very acidic ( low PH)
- acid kills bacteria - prevents food poisoning
- Produces enzyme pepsin - breaks dwon protein to dipeptides
- Muscle contracts and churns food - mechanical digestion
Protein ——pepsin—-> peptide
Duodenum function
- food is broken down into lots of small soluble molecules - gets absorbed into the ileum
- bile creates an alkaline enviroment - ideal for enzymes
- Protein - trypsin, peptidase
- Carboydrase - pancretic amylase, maltase
- lipids - lipase- Protien ——trypsin ——-> peptide ———-peptidase —-> amino acids - Starch ——amylase——-> maltose ——-glucose - Lipids ——lipase————> glycerol + fatty acids x3
ileum function
- absorption of small soluble molecules into blood steam and lacteal (absorbing fats)
ilium —> Villi - the lacteal absorbs fats
- villi abdaptions - long - increase area of food
- Short diffusion distance
- Good blood supply
- Large surface area
Villi adaptations
villi abdaptions - long - increase area of food
- Short diffusion distance
- Good blood supply
- Large surface area
Large intestine function
- Excess water is absorbed in the colon
- this leaves indigestible food ( mainly cellulose & other indigestible remains like water, bacteria)
Rectum function
- Stores faeces ( semi soluble waste material fibre )
Anus function
- Expels the faeces from the body - egestion
Digestion system order
- Salivary glands - mouth - teeth - oesophogus - stomach- duodenum - illium ( villi ) - large intestine ( colon) - rectum - anis
Liver
- filters toxins from blood
- acts like the food processing factory
- produces bile which emulsifies fats
Gall bladder
stores and releases bile into bile dust to enter the duodenum.
Pancreas
- produes digestion enzymes…
—> Trypsin
—> pancreatic amylase
—> Lipase
These are realsed into the dueodum for chemical digestion
Absorbtion
- Small , soluble molecules move from the small intestine into the blood.
Ingestion
- Food enters the digestion system via the mouth
Assimilation
- Small food molecules are used to build large molecues e.g. Amino acids are used to synthesise proteins
Egestion
Removal of undigestible food ( Faeces) from the anus
Digestion
breaks down large soluble molecules into small soluble molecules
Put the following into order……Absorbtion, digestion, egestion, ingestion, assimilation
Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation, Egestion
What is the enzyme that breaks down maltose into glucose?
Maltose
Which enzyme are involved in digestion starch. Where are they found?
- Salivary amylase - mouth + pancreatic amylase - duodenum
Which is the only enzyme found in the stomach? What does it break down?
Pepsin - breaks down protein
What is the role of HCL in the stomach?
Kills bacteria, makes the stomach very acidic
Why do we have 2 enzymes that convert starch to maltose?
Becuase they occur in diffrent places - dueodum _ mouth - not fully broken down
Where do lipids get broken down?
deuodenum
What are the 2 enzyme that digest protein and what are the products form?
Pepsin, trypsin - Dipeptides
Peptidase - peptides and amino acids
Describe how you would carry out an experiment to find out the energy value of a potato chip. (4)
To carry out this experiment, you need to:
- pour cold water into a boiling tube
- record the starting temperature of the water
- record the mass of the food sample
- heat the food until it catches fire (complete combustion)
- heat the water using the flame from the burning food
- record the final temperature of the water
Describe how you would carry out an experiment to find out the energy value of a potato chip. (4) - safety
Safety - Take care when touching boling tube
- dont eat food
- boiling tube pointing away from you
Explain the effect that the level of activity has on the energy requirement of females. (3)
- More musculer contraction
- More respiration
- More Kj Required
Mechanical digestion
Teeth break down food into small pieces of peristalsis helps more food along the small intestine.
Chemical digestion
- Enzymes break down food into small soluble molecules
starch ———amulase-—-> maltose
colon function
Where water is reabsorbed
Describe what happens to food,when it is not digested or absorbed?
- Colon absorbs water
- form faeces in the rectum
- egested through anus
Describe how food is passed from the mouth to the stomach?
Food travels through the oesophagus and peristalsis, a wave like musclar contraction in oesophagus, moves the food into the stomach
Explain what happens to protein in the stomach (4)
- Produces pepsin which breaks down protein to dipeptides.
- Churning in musclar sack.
- HCL provides optimum PH
Energy in food -practical
- burn the food
equation: mass of water x mass of food / mass of food - independent - Food group
- dependent - temp increse
- control - amount of water in boiling tube, complete combustion
- safety - take care when jouching boling tube, safety googles, dont eat the food
energy in food equation
mass of water x temp rises x4.2 / mass of food sample
explain the effect that the level of activity has on the energy requirement of females?
- more muscle contraction
- more respiration
- more KJ required
Suggest why coeliac disease may affect the growth of a child
- less growth
- less surface area
- less absorption of amino acids
- less energy
explain how the liver helps with digestion
1- emulsifies bile
2 increases surface area
3 - lipase
4 - neutralises the acid
explain why we only have a small amount of oils and fats?
- obesity
- lead to CHD
Explain what it means by the term balanced diet?
correct proportion of food
- carb, protein, lipids. vitamins, minerals, fibre and water
