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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls the activities of the cell using genes.

Controls chromosomes which carry genes.

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2
Q

What is the function of Cytoplasm?

A

It is were your metabolic reaction occurs.

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3
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

it is were respiration occurs - release energy - glucose

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

it is selectively permeable. Controls what exits and enters.

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5
Q

What is the function of the Ribosome?

A

They are the site of protein synthesis- make protein.

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6
Q

What is the function of the Cell wall?

A

Made of cellulose. Helps keep structure. It allows everything in.

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7
Q

What is the function of the Chloroplast?

A

Where photosynthesis occurs. Contains chlorophyll- a green pigment.

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8
Q

What is the function of the Vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap. Help keep the plants shape.

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9
Q

Cell

A

basic structure of living organisms.

E.G. Animal cell

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

made of DNA genes located in the nucleus.

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11
Q

Genes

A

a section of DNA that codes for one particular protein.

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12
Q

Genome

A

The entire DNA of an organism( present in a diploid cell)

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13
Q

Diploid

A

Number of chromosomes found in body cells

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14
Q

Haploid

A

Number of chromosomes found in gametes

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15
Q

What cell doesn’t have nucleus?

A

Red blood cell

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16
Q

Define a specialised cell?

A

They have a structure that are adapted for their function.

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17
Q

What organelles does a plant cell have that an animal cell doesn’t?

A

Vacuole, cell wall, Chloroplast

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18
Q

What cells has a biconcave shape?

A

Red blood cells

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19
Q

Name the two types of white blood cells?

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Phagocytes

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20
Q

Lymphocytes

A

produces antibodies to destroy particular pathogens.

–> counteract the toxins released by pathogens.

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21
Q

Phagocytes

A

engulf pathogens and destroy them.

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22
Q

Name two features of a sperm cell that allows it to be adapted to its function

A

lots of mitochondria in the middle to power the sperm.

Long tail to help it swim.

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23
Q

List the levels of organisation in the correct order? (smallest - largest)

A 
Organelle
Cell
Tissue 
Organ 
Organ system 
Organism
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24
Q

Organelle

A

Structure within a cell that is specific to carry out a particular function or job.
E.G. Nucleus, Vacuole

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25
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells with simular structures, working together to perform a shared function.

E.G. Muscle cell

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26
Q

Organ

A

Structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions.

E.G. Liver, heart, lungs

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27
Q

Organ system

A

Group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions.

E.G. Digestive system, Skin

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28
Q

Organism

A

A living thing

E.G. fish

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29
Q

unicellular

A

The simplest Organism are made of single cells

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30
Q

Multicellular

A

More complex organism like plant and animal cells are made of millions cells.

( many cells)

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31
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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32
Q

to test for sugars (glucose)

A
  • Benedics solution
  • heat in water bath
  • if lots of sugar present- Brick red
  • if sugar present- Orange
  • if a little present - green
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33
Q

Test for Starch. ( cab)

A
  • Iodine solution

- blue/black

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34
Q

Test for Protein

A
  • Biuret test

- purple if present

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35
Q

Test for Lipids

A
  • Ethanol

- white/ cloudy if present

36
Q

What safety precautions would I take for all food tests?

A
  • Googles
  • Dont eat the food
  • dont drink the chemicals
37
Q

Enzymes definition

A
  • Biological catalyst which speeds up the rate of reactions, by lowering the energy required, without being used up themselves. Made of protein - lots of amino acids.
38
Q

Denature

A
  • Change the shape of the active site- substrate can no longer bind.
39
Q

Different enzymes break down different things… Carbohydrates to….

A

Carbohydrase

40
Q

Different enzymes break down diffrent things … Lipids to..

A

Lipase

41
Q

Different enzymes break down diffrent things … Protein to …

A

Protease

42
Q

Polysaccharides——> ……………
Protein——-> …………………
Triglycerides—-> ……………. &. ……………

A

—> Discaccharide
—> Amino acids
—> Glycerol & Fatty acids

43
Q

What are the four factors that affect the activity rate of enzymes?

A
  • Temperature
  • PH
  • Enzyme concentration
  • Substrate consentration
44
Q

Effect of temperature of the activity of Enzymes

A
  • as the temperature increses - more collison - more kinetic energy
  • Optimum tempature - rate of reaction is fastest
  • rate of reaction decreases - enzymes denature - active site changes shape- no longer form substate complex
45
Q

Effect of PH on the activity of enzymes

A
  • narrow range in which enzymes will work

- enzymes denature- change the shape of the active site- substate can no longer bind.

46
Q

Substate and Enzyme concentration

A
  • rate of reaction increses - more substate collide with the enzymes
  • rate plateau as all enzymes are satuated- to speed up the rate you need to add more enzymes.
47
Q

Independent variable

A
  • Change
48
Q

Dependent Variable

A
  • Measure
49
Q

Control variable

A
  • keep the same - fair test
50
Q

what cell helps protect us against pathogens

A
  • white blood cell
51
Q

What cells function is to absorb water and minerals

A
  • root hair cell
52
Q

What cell has a large yolk to provide nutrients

A

egg cell

53
Q

What cell sweeps mucis with trapped pathogens up your trachea

A
  • Ciliated cell
54
Q

what is the chemical elements in all protein?

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon,Nitrogen, sulphur

H,O,C,N,S

55
Q

What are the 4 bases of DNA

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine
Guanine

a c t g

56
Q

What do you use to stain an animal and plant cell when using microscopes?

A

Animal cell - Methylene blue

Plant cell- Iodine

57
Q

What is Saprophytic Nutrition?

A

release enzymes onto the food to break it down, absorbs the nutrition

58
Q

What are two key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes - dont have nucleus - has a nucloid

Eukaryotes - have a nucleus

59
Q

Red blood cells adaptations

A
  • transport 02 to respiring cells.
  • no nucleus
  • lots of haemoglobin
  • thin- short diffusion
  • biconcave
  • large surface area for diffusion
60
Q

White blood cells

A
  • immune respond
  • Produce antibodies to destroy microorganisms
  • Engulf bacteria and other microorganisms that have infected our bodies
  • Lymphocytes
  • Phagocytes
61
Q

Sperm cells

A
  • produced in testes
  • 1/2 DNA
  • tail to swim
  • enzymes in head —> to penetrate the egg
  • lots of mitochondria —-> provides energy to swim
62
Q

Egg cell

A
  • Produced in ovaries
  • large yolk —> provides energy
  • 1/2 DNA
63
Q

Ciliated cells adaptations

A
  • use cilia —> hair like projection
  • > lots of mitochondria
  • line trachea
  • mucus produced in goblet cell
64
Q

Nerve cell adaptations

A
  • nervous system - 3 types of nerves
  • transports electronic signals to different parts of the body
  • very long
  • myelin sheath—> prevents short circuiting
65
Q

Palisade cell adaptations

A
  • Contains lots of Chloroplasts - where most photosynthesis occurs
  • closely packed- efficient absorption
  • in palisade layer- near light
66
Q

Root hair cell adaptations

A
  • Absorbs water/ minerals from soil
  • large surface area
  • thin
  • Finger like projection - so short diffusion rate
  • no chloroplast
67
Q

Carbohydrate element

A

C,H,O

68
Q

Lipids element

A

C,H,O

69
Q

Carbohydrate Monomers

A

Monosaccharide

  • glucose, fructose, galactose
70
Q

Lipids Monomers

A

fatty acids + glycerol

71
Q

Protein Monomers

A

Amino acids

72
Q

Carbohydrate Polymers

A

Polyscaccharide

73
Q

Lipids Polymers

A

Triglyceride

74
Q

Protein Polymers

A

Polypeptide

75
Q

what are the 8 life process?

A

M - Movement
R - Respiration
S - sensitvity

C- controls their internal condition

G- Growth
R- Reproduction
E- excretion
N - nutrition

76
Q

Sperm cells need energy….

A
  • to move
77
Q

Ovum cells need energy..

A

to divide

78
Q

Mucsle cells need energy..

A
  • to contract
79
Q

Nerve cells need energy…

A
  • Send impulses
80
Q

How do phagocytes remove pathogens?

A

Engluf and digest

81
Q

Lipids - use in body

A
  • long term energy
  • insolation
    protects organs
82
Q

Protein use in body

A
  • Repair, growth & repairs
83
Q

Caroboydrates food source

A
  • bread

- pasta

84
Q

Lipids food source

A
  • Avocados

- Butter

85
Q

Protein food source

A
  • red meat

- eggs

86
Q

Goblet cells definition

A

secrete mucus

this traps particles of dirt and bacteria.

87
Q

Ciliated cells definition

A
  • Sweep away mucus that traps bacteria/ dust

Biology (7 decks)

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