big to small Flashcards
What is the function of the nucleus?
Controls the activities of the cell using genes.
Controls chromosomes which carry genes.
What is the function of Cytoplasm?
It is were your metabolic reaction occurs.
What is the function of the mitochondria?
it is were respiration occurs - release energy - glucose
What is the function of the cell membrane?
it is selectively permeable. Controls what exits and enters.
What is the function of the Ribosome?
They are the site of protein synthesis- make protein.
What is the function of the Cell wall?
Made of cellulose. Helps keep structure. It allows everything in.
What is the function of the Chloroplast?
Where photosynthesis occurs. Contains chlorophyll- a green pigment.
What is the function of the Vacuole?
Filled with cell sap. Help keep the plants shape.
Cell
basic structure of living organisms.
E.G. Animal cell
Chromosomes
made of DNA genes located in the nucleus.
Genes
a section of DNA that codes for one particular protein.
Genome
The entire DNA of an organism( present in a diploid cell)
Diploid
Number of chromosomes found in body cells
Haploid
Number of chromosomes found in gametes
What cell doesn’t have nucleus?
Red blood cell
Define a specialised cell?
They have a structure that are adapted for their function.
What organelles does a plant cell have that an animal cell doesn’t?
Vacuole, cell wall, Chloroplast
What cells has a biconcave shape?
Red blood cells
Name the two types of white blood cells?
- Lymphocytes
- Phagocytes
Lymphocytes
produces antibodies to destroy particular pathogens.
–> counteract the toxins released by pathogens.
Phagocytes
engulf pathogens and destroy them.
Name two features of a sperm cell that allows it to be adapted to its function
lots of mitochondria in the middle to power the sperm.
Long tail to help it swim.
List the levels of organisation in the correct order? (smallest - largest)
Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
Organelle
Structure within a cell that is specific to carry out a particular function or job.
E.G. Nucleus, Vacuole
Tissue
Group of cells with simular structures, working together to perform a shared function.
E.G. Muscle cell
Organ
Structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions.
E.G. Liver, heart, lungs
Organ system
Group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions.
E.G. Digestive system, Skin
Organism
A living thing
E.G. fish
unicellular
The simplest Organism are made of single cells
Multicellular
More complex organism like plant and animal cells are made of millions cells.
( many cells)
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
to test for sugars (glucose)
- Benedics solution
- heat in water bath
- if lots of sugar present- Brick red
- if sugar present- Orange
- if a little present - green
Test for Starch. ( cab)
- Iodine solution
- blue/black
Test for Protein
- Biuret test
- purple if present
Test for Lipids
- Ethanol
- white/ cloudy if present
What safety precautions would I take for all food tests?
- Googles
- Dont eat the food
- dont drink the chemicals
Enzymes definition
- Biological catalyst which speeds up the rate of reactions, by lowering the energy required, without being used up themselves. Made of protein - lots of amino acids.
Denature
- Change the shape of the active site- substrate can no longer bind.
Different enzymes break down different things… Carbohydrates to….
Carbohydrase
Different enzymes break down diffrent things … Lipids to..
Lipase
Different enzymes break down diffrent things … Protein to …
Protease
Polysaccharides——> ……………
Protein——-> …………………
Triglycerides—-> ……………. &. ……………
—> Discaccharide
—> Amino acids
—> Glycerol & Fatty acids
What are the four factors that affect the activity rate of enzymes?
- Temperature
- PH
- Enzyme concentration
- Substrate consentration
Effect of temperature of the activity of Enzymes
- as the temperature increses - more collison - more kinetic energy
- Optimum tempature - rate of reaction is fastest
- rate of reaction decreases - enzymes denature - active site changes shape- no longer form substate complex
Effect of PH on the activity of enzymes
- narrow range in which enzymes will work
- enzymes denature- change the shape of the active site- substate can no longer bind.
Substate and Enzyme concentration
- rate of reaction increses - more substate collide with the enzymes
- rate plateau as all enzymes are satuated- to speed up the rate you need to add more enzymes.
Independent variable
- Change
Dependent Variable
- Measure
Control variable
- keep the same - fair test
what cell helps protect us against pathogens
- white blood cell
What cells function is to absorb water and minerals
- root hair cell
What cell has a large yolk to provide nutrients
egg cell
What cell sweeps mucis with trapped pathogens up your trachea
- Ciliated cell
what is the chemical elements in all protein?
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon,Nitrogen, sulphur
H,O,C,N,S
What are the 4 bases of DNA
Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine
Guanine
a c t g
What do you use to stain an animal and plant cell when using microscopes?
Animal cell - Methylene blue
Plant cell- Iodine
What is Saprophytic Nutrition?
release enzymes onto the food to break it down, absorbs the nutrition
What are two key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes - dont have nucleus - has a nucloid
Eukaryotes - have a nucleus
Red blood cells adaptations
- transport 02 to respiring cells.
- no nucleus
- lots of haemoglobin
- thin- short diffusion
- biconcave
- large surface area for diffusion
White blood cells
- immune respond
- Produce antibodies to destroy microorganisms
- Engulf bacteria and other microorganisms that have infected our bodies
- Lymphocytes
- Phagocytes
Sperm cells
- produced in testes
- 1/2 DNA
- tail to swim
- enzymes in head —> to penetrate the egg
- lots of mitochondria —-> provides energy to swim
Egg cell
- Produced in ovaries
- large yolk —> provides energy
- 1/2 DNA
Ciliated cells adaptations
- use cilia —> hair like projection
- > lots of mitochondria
- line trachea
- mucus produced in goblet cell
Nerve cell adaptations
- nervous system - 3 types of nerves
- transports electronic signals to different parts of the body
- very long
- myelin sheath—> prevents short circuiting
Palisade cell adaptations
- Contains lots of Chloroplasts - where most photosynthesis occurs
- closely packed- efficient absorption
- in palisade layer- near light
Root hair cell adaptations
- Absorbs water/ minerals from soil
- large surface area
- thin
- Finger like projection - so short diffusion rate
- no chloroplast
Carbohydrate element
C,H,O
Lipids element
C,H,O
Carbohydrate Monomers
Monosaccharide
- glucose, fructose, galactose
Lipids Monomers
fatty acids + glycerol
Protein Monomers
Amino acids
Carbohydrate Polymers
Polyscaccharide
Lipids Polymers
Triglyceride
Protein Polymers
Polypeptide
what are the 8 life process?
M - Movement
R - Respiration
S - sensitvity
C- controls their internal condition
G- Growth
R- Reproduction
E- excretion
N - nutrition
Sperm cells need energy….
- to move
Ovum cells need energy..
to divide
Mucsle cells need energy..
- to contract
Nerve cells need energy…
- Send impulses
How do phagocytes remove pathogens?
Engluf and digest
Lipids - use in body
- long term energy
- insolation
protects organs
Protein use in body
- Repair, growth & repairs
Caroboydrates food source
- bread
- pasta
Lipids food source
- Avocados
- Butter
Protein food source
- red meat
- eggs
Goblet cells definition
secrete mucus
this traps particles of dirt and bacteria.
Ciliated cells definition
- Sweep away mucus that traps bacteria/ dust
