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Alimentary > Diarrhoea in foal - additional notes > Flashcards

Diarrhoea in foal - additional notes Flashcards

1
Q

Cause of foal heat diarrhoea?

A

unidentified, may be dietary changes or changes in GI function

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2
Q

Age a foal gets foal heat diarrhoea

A

5-14d

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3
Q

Cause of foal viral diarrhoea? age?

A 
rotavirus usually (rarely but possibly adeno, corona, parvo)
less than 2 months
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4
Q

Diagnosis - viral diarrhoea

A

faecal ELISA, latex agglutination, EM

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5
Q

Age of foal with salmonellosis

A

all ages but under 14d may get bacteraemia/sepsis without diarrhoea

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6
Q

Diagnosis - salmonelloisis

A

faecal/blood culture. Need serial faecal cultures (3-5) as organism is shed intermittently in faeces and can be ahrd to culture. culture SF etc if other body systems affected. PCR may be more sensitive

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7
Q

Treatment - salmonellosis - 2

A

supportive and broad-specturm ABs (base on culture and sensitivity). ISOLATE (zoonotic)

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8
Q

Clostridial diarrhoea - causes

A

C.perfringens or difficile

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9
Q

Age of foal with clostridial disease?

A

24-48 hours, can be seen in older foals

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10
Q

Diagnosis - clostridial diarrhoea

A

faecal culture - selective medium may be required.
toxins in faeces - ELISA
Gram stain of faeces - gram positive (purple) rods)

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11
Q

Treatment - clostridial diarrhoea - 2

A

Supportive

broad spectrum ABs (including metronidazole)

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12
Q

Aetiologic agent - proliferative enteropathy

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

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13
Q

Age of foal with proliferative enteropathy

A

weanlings (6-12months)

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14
Q

Diagnosis of proliferative enteropathy - 4

A
  • Clinical signs in weanlings (depression, rapid weight loss, ventral oedema, diarrhoea, colic +/- resp disease).
  • Faecal PCR
  • Serology
  • Abdominal ultrasound - thick SI
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15
Q

Treatment - proliferative enteropathy

A

AB (erythromycin +/- rifampin)
Others - doxycycline, OTC, penicillins, chloramphenicol
Supportive care - often IV plasma needed

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16
Q

Proliferative enteropathy disease incidence

A

Not in UK

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17
Q

Cause of rhodoococcal diarrhoea? Type of bacteria?

A

Rhodococcus equi - gram positive coccobacilli, intracellular

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18
Q

Age of foal with rhodococcal diarrhoea?

A

2-6 months

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19
Q

Diagnosis - rhodococcal diarrhoea - 3

A
  • Pneumonia - culture organism from resp sectretion
  • Thoracic radiograph/ultrasound
  • Abdominal ultrasound - may see abscess
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20
Q

Treatment - rhodococcal diarrhoea

A

Eryhthromycin (azithromycin/calrythromycin) + rifampin

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21
Q

Cause of protozoal diarrhoea? Age of foal?

A

Cryptosporidium spp
usually pre-weaning (foal may not have diarrhoea)
CARE = zoonotic!

22
Q

Diagnosis - protozoal diarrhoea - 2

A

Detect faecal oocysts, direct immunofluorescence staining

23
Q

Cause - parasitic diarrhoea - 2

A

Strongyloides westeri (young foals via mulk) /vulgaris (older than 2 weeks)

24
Q

Clinical signs - parasitic diarrhoea

A

S.westeria - none to mild diarrhoea

S. vulgaris - colic, diarrhoea

25
Diagnosis - parasitic diarrhoea
FEC - S.westeri PPP 8-12 days S vulgaris PPP 6 months os FEC not useful THEREFORE use farm dewaorming history and clinical signs
26
Treatment - strongyloides - 5
S.westeri = benzimidazoles, ivermectin | S. vulgaris = ivermectin, fenbendazole or thaibendazole
27
Cause of necrotising enterocolitis
Unknown. may be clostridial spp. | Premature foals and those with perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS) may be at increased risk
28
Diagnosis - necrotising enterocolitis
Isolation of clostridial spp gas in wall of intestine via radiographs or ultrasound foal may have other signs of PAS
29
treatment - necrotising enterocolitis - 3
- Discontinue enteral feeding - Parenteral nutrition - Broad spectrum PN ABs
30
Cause - nutritional diarrhoea - 2
change of diet | overingestion of milk (replacer)
31
What are clinical signs of diarrhoea in adult horse? 2
Hypovolaemia and endotoxaemia
32
4 clinical syndromes of adult horse salmonellosis. commonest?
1. inapparent infection 2. depression, fever, anorexia without diarrhoea or colic 3. diarrhoea (COMMONEST) 4. sepsis with or without diarrhoea
33
Clostridia are a normal flora component of horse and foal. Why do they sometimes cause disease? 2
Overgrwoth of organism | Toxin (enterotoxin, cytotoxin)
34
Treatment - adult clostridial diarrhoea - 3
- Supportive - Metronidazole - Di-tri-octahedral smectite (Biosponge) binds clostridial toxins
35
Clinical signs of antimicrcobial-associated diarrhoea
Mild self limiting diarrhoea to per-acute colitis
36
Treatment - antimicrobial-associated diarrhoea
Discontinue antimicrobials if possible, change drug/route of administration if still necessary, metronidazole, biosponge
37
What causes disease in larval cyathostominosis
Small strongyles (cyathostomins) encysted L4 in large colon wall causes idsease
38
Epidemiology - larval cyathostominosis - 3
Young horses, November to March recent anthelmintic treatment
39
Clinical signs - larval cyathostominosis 4
Dramatic weight loss, profuse diarrhoea, ventral oedema +/- fever
40
Diagnosis- larval cyathostominosis 4
larvae in faeces, neutrophilia, hypoalbuminaemia, high beta globulin concentration
41
Treatment - larval cyathostominosis 4
ivermectin - no efficacy against larval stages moxidectin - variable efficacy fenbendazole - resistnace in SE UK +/- corticosteroids
42
Prognosis -- larval cyathostominosis
poor if clinical signs present (30-40% recover) | treating other horses on same pasture may be indicated
43
Another name for NSAID toxicity
Right dorsal colitis
44
NSAID toxicity - diagnosis
history, hypoalbuminaemia, thick RDC on ultrasound, concurrent renal and gastric disease
45
Prognosis of NSAID toxicity
May take many months to heal. stricture formation may occur.
46
How do you go about calculating fluid therapy?
estimate % dehydration/hypovolaemia (clinical signs, haematology and serum chemistry) PE findings not as consistent in foals
47
6 changed on haematology and serum chemistry indicating HYPOVOLAEMIA
``` increased PCV increased lactate conc increased TP (may be low because of colon loss) high USG increaced creatinine/urea conc. ```
48
define tacky mucous membranes
not fully dry and retaining a slightly sticky feel. between moist and dry
49
Fluid choices to give -2 (examples)
CRYSTALLOIDSs - isotonic polyionic solutions, hypertonic saline COLLOIDS - plasma (provides CFs), synthetic types etc pentastarch
50
How to treat endotoxaemia
Treat primary disease - polymixin B, plasma/serum products, flunixin meglumine, pentoxifylline (anti-TNF activity thus limits cytokine production initiated affter endotoxin interacts with cells).

Alimentary (37 decks)

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