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Alimentary > Diarrhoea in foal - additional notes > Flashcards

Diarrhoea in foal - additional notes Flashcards

1
Q

Cause of foal heat diarrhoea?

A

unidentified, may be dietary changes or changes in GI function

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2
Q

Age a foal gets foal heat diarrhoea

A

5-14d

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3
Q

Cause of foal viral diarrhoea? age?

A 
rotavirus usually (rarely but possibly adeno, corona, parvo)
less than 2 months
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4
Q

Diagnosis - viral diarrhoea

A

faecal ELISA, latex agglutination, EM

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5
Q

Age of foal with salmonellosis

A

all ages but under 14d may get bacteraemia/sepsis without diarrhoea

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6
Q

Diagnosis - salmonelloisis

A

faecal/blood culture. Need serial faecal cultures (3-5) as organism is shed intermittently in faeces and can be ahrd to culture. culture SF etc if other body systems affected. PCR may be more sensitive

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7
Q

Treatment - salmonellosis - 2

A

supportive and broad-specturm ABs (base on culture and sensitivity). ISOLATE (zoonotic)

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8
Q

Clostridial diarrhoea - causes

A

C.perfringens or difficile

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9
Q

Age of foal with clostridial disease?

A

24-48 hours, can be seen in older foals

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10
Q

Diagnosis - clostridial diarrhoea

A

faecal culture - selective medium may be required.
toxins in faeces - ELISA
Gram stain of faeces - gram positive (purple) rods)

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11
Q

Treatment - clostridial diarrhoea - 2

A

Supportive

broad spectrum ABs (including metronidazole)

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12
Q

Aetiologic agent - proliferative enteropathy

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

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13
Q

Age of foal with proliferative enteropathy

A

weanlings (6-12months)

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14
Q

Diagnosis of proliferative enteropathy - 4

A
  • Clinical signs in weanlings (depression, rapid weight loss, ventral oedema, diarrhoea, colic +/- resp disease).
  • Faecal PCR
  • Serology
  • Abdominal ultrasound - thick SI
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15
Q

Treatment - proliferative enteropathy

A

AB (erythromycin +/- rifampin)
Others - doxycycline, OTC, penicillins, chloramphenicol
Supportive care - often IV plasma needed

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16
Q

Proliferative enteropathy disease incidence

A

Not in UK

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17
Q

Cause of rhodoococcal diarrhoea? Type of bacteria?

A

Rhodococcus equi - gram positive coccobacilli, intracellular

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18
Q

Age of foal with rhodococcal diarrhoea?

A

2-6 months

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19
Q

Diagnosis - rhodococcal diarrhoea - 3

A
  • Pneumonia - culture organism from resp sectretion
  • Thoracic radiograph/ultrasound
  • Abdominal ultrasound - may see abscess
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20
Q

Treatment - rhodococcal diarrhoea

A

Eryhthromycin (azithromycin/calrythromycin) + rifampin

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21
Q

Cause of protozoal diarrhoea? Age of foal?

A

Cryptosporidium spp
usually pre-weaning (foal may not have diarrhoea)
CARE = zoonotic!

22
Q

Diagnosis - protozoal diarrhoea - 2

A

Detect faecal oocysts, direct immunofluorescence staining

23
Q

Cause - parasitic diarrhoea - 2

A

Strongyloides westeri (young foals via mulk) /vulgaris (older than 2 weeks)

24
Q

Clinical signs - parasitic diarrhoea

A

S.westeria - none to mild diarrhoea

S. vulgaris - colic, diarrhoea

25
Q

Diagnosis - parasitic diarrhoea

A

FEC - S.westeri PPP 8-12 days
S vulgaris PPP 6 months os FEC not useful
THEREFORE use farm dewaorming history and clinical signs

26
Q

Treatment - strongyloides - 5

A

S.westeri = benzimidazoles, ivermectin

S. vulgaris = ivermectin, fenbendazole or thaibendazole

27
Q

Cause of necrotising enterocolitis

A

Unknown. may be clostridial spp.

Premature foals and those with perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS) may be at increased risk

28
Q

Diagnosis - necrotising enterocolitis

A

Isolation of clostridial spp
gas in wall of intestine via radiographs or ultrasound
foal may have other signs of PAS

29
Q

treatment - necrotising enterocolitis - 3

A
  • Discontinue enteral feeding
  • Parenteral nutrition
  • Broad spectrum PN ABs
30
Q

Cause - nutritional diarrhoea - 2

A

change of diet

overingestion of milk (replacer)

31
Q

What are clinical signs of diarrhoea in adult horse? 2

A

Hypovolaemia and endotoxaemia

32
Q

4 clinical syndromes of adult horse salmonellosis. commonest?

A
  1. inapparent infection
  2. depression, fever, anorexia without diarrhoea or colic
  3. diarrhoea (COMMONEST)
  4. sepsis with or without diarrhoea
33
Q

Clostridia are a normal flora component of horse and foal. Why do they sometimes cause disease? 2

A

Overgrwoth of organism

Toxin (enterotoxin, cytotoxin)

34
Q

Treatment - adult clostridial diarrhoea - 3

A
  • Supportive
  • Metronidazole
  • Di-tri-octahedral smectite (Biosponge) binds clostridial toxins
35
Q

Clinical signs of antimicrcobial-associated diarrhoea

A

Mild self limiting diarrhoea to per-acute colitis

36
Q

Treatment - antimicrobial-associated diarrhoea

A

Discontinue antimicrobials if possible, change drug/route of administration if still necessary, metronidazole, biosponge

37
Q

What causes disease in larval cyathostominosis

A

Small strongyles (cyathostomins) encysted L4 in large colon wall causes idsease

38
Q

Epidemiology - larval cyathostominosis - 3

A

Young horses,
November to March
recent anthelmintic treatment

39
Q

Clinical signs - larval cyathostominosis 4

A

Dramatic weight loss, profuse diarrhoea, ventral oedema +/- fever

40
Q

Diagnosis- larval cyathostominosis 4

A

larvae in faeces, neutrophilia, hypoalbuminaemia, high beta globulin concentration

41
Q

Treatment - larval cyathostominosis 4

A

ivermectin - no efficacy against larval stages
moxidectin - variable efficacy
fenbendazole - resistnace in SE UK
+/- corticosteroids

42
Q

Prognosis – larval cyathostominosis

A

poor if clinical signs present (30-40% recover)

treating other horses on same pasture may be indicated

43
Q

Another name for NSAID toxicity

A

Right dorsal colitis

44
Q

NSAID toxicity - diagnosis

A

history, hypoalbuminaemia, thick RDC on ultrasound, concurrent renal and gastric disease

45
Q

Prognosis of NSAID toxicity

A

May take many months to heal. stricture formation may occur.

46
Q

How do you go about calculating fluid therapy?

A

estimate % dehydration/hypovolaemia (clinical signs, haematology and serum chemistry)
PE findings not as consistent in foals

47
Q

6 changed on haematology and serum chemistry indicating HYPOVOLAEMIA

A 
increased PCV
increased lactate conc
increased TP (may be low because of colon loss)
high USG
increaced creatinine/urea conc.
48
Q

define tacky mucous membranes

A

not fully dry and retaining a slightly sticky feel. between moist and dry

49
Q

Fluid choices to give -2 (examples)

A

CRYSTALLOIDSs - isotonic polyionic solutions, hypertonic saline
COLLOIDS - plasma (provides CFs), synthetic types etc pentastarch

50
Q

How to treat endotoxaemia

A

Treat primary disease - polymixin B, plasma/serum products, flunixin meglumine, pentoxifylline (anti-TNF activity thus limits cytokine production initiated affter endotoxin interacts with cells).

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