Diarrhoea and Acute Gastrointestinal Illness Flashcards
Signs and symptoms AGI
Vomiting
Diarrhoea: Acute, watery, bloody(dysentery), severe (6 x a day)
Abdo pain and cramping
Fever
Virus, bacteria and protozoa as a causative agent
Onset; diarrhoea; vomiting; fever/pain; rehydration; antibiotics
Virus: Faster(hrs/days); probably; YES; fever, likely pain; yes; no
Bacteria: range; yes; probaby; abdo pain; yes; sometimes
Protozoa: slower; yes; possibly; abdo pain; yes; prob
Viral causes
_______ and ______
____ _____**, _____ diarrhoea, abdo cramps, muscle aches, low grade fever, headaches
good with ________, last about 24-48 hours
Rotavirus and norovirus
Nausea and vomiting**, Watery diarrhoea, abdo cramps, muscle aches, low grade fever, headaches
good with rehydration, last about 24-48 hours
Colonise in small intestine
Ways that bacteria cause AGI
Colonisation of intestines and toxin production
Invasion of intestinal tissue
Toxin produced in food but not ingested, food poisoning
Bacterial agents that colonise and produce toxins. What causes dysentery
Clostridium difficile (nosocomial, from hosp)
Shiga/Vero toxin producing E-coli (STEC/VTEC)*
Shigella Dysenteriae*
Enterotoxigenic E coli
Vibrio cholerae
Bacterial agents that colonise and invade intestinal tissue
Campylobacter jejuni
non typhoid salmonella
yersinia enterocolitica
enteroinvasive E coli
May cause blood in faeces, abdo cramping
Bacterial agents that produce toxins in food that we ingest
Staph aureus
Clostridium perfringens
bacillus cereus
vomiting likely within 2-7 hours, clear in 1-2 days.
Protozoa information
_____ and ______
______ contaminated by human faeces e.g _____ _______
incubation of 1 week
symptoms 4-6 weeks
diarrhoea, flatulence, foul stools
mostly self limiting, giardia might need _______
Giardia and Cryptosporidium
food/water contaminated by human faeces e.g farmer, tramper, pet owner
incubation of 1 week
symptoms 4-6 weeks
diarrhoea, flatulence, foul stools
mostly self limiting, giardia might need metronidazole
New Zealand most common agenst of AGI
Worldwide AGI
Campylobacter, Salmonella, Giardia
Most serious, listeria
Diarrhoeal disease really bad, a lot of cholera. Mostly children. E coli, cholera, norovirus an rotavirus
NZ outbreaks (2 or more cases with common source)
Norovirus
Sources of AGI
Human/animal GI tract/faeces: Faceal oral route direct or indirect
Animals, infected people and carriers
Contaminated food and water
Contaminated food route
means to stop
Animal faces- contaminated carcass(can eat these) and fertilised vegetables
These become food items, which we eat and causes the AGI.
Human Faeces can then be transferred to food product
Slaughter, farming practice, cooking, storage, hygiene
Contaminated water route
means to stop
Human and animal faeces contaminate water source
Drinking and irrigation water into our food and drink
AGI
Farming and sewerage, supply, more sewerage
AGI risk factors
Consume retail food; consme at risk foods (soft cheese listeria); farm animal contact; consume untreated water; faecal matter contact; symptomatic people contact; recreational water; sick animals; overseas travel within incubation period
Stool culture types
note food worke,r would have 3 negative tests to see if clear
sheep blood; maconkey; maconkey with sorbitol; xld; campy; bile esculin; emb
- Sheep blood: grow most pathogens, including listeria that won’t grow elsewhere
- MacConkey agar with lactose: E coli will ferment lactose, Salmonella, Shigella, yersinia do not
- Maconkey agar with sorbitol: most E coli ferment sorbitol, STEC do not
- XLD: slamonella and shigella grow
- Campy plate: campylobacter
- bile esculin: klebsiella and enterobacter
- emb: gram -ve oxidase negative e coli,klebsiella, enterobacter
Antibody or PCR for viral
Antigen test for protozoa
