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Gen Path > Diagnostics And Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Diagnostics And Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

M cell function

A

Endocytosis of Ag and presentation of Ag
Aka microfold cells

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2
Q

Shigella pathogenesis

A

Invaginates in M cells and stops degradation of the bacteria —> invades and kills enterocytes —> gets into lymphatics

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3
Q

Cilia or flagella core filament composition

A

Microtubule

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4
Q

Microvilli filament composition

A

Actin

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5
Q

Which organisms take advantage of cilia?

A

Mycoplasma and CAR (filobacterium)

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6
Q

Exotoxins vs endotoxins

A

•Exotoxins: proteins produced inside bacteria and secreted, gram+ bacteria
•Endotoxins: elements of the bacterial membrane and are liberated when bacteria die (e.g., LPS), gram— bacteria

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7
Q

What does an epsilon toxin do and what pathogen can produce this?

A

An exotoxins that induces BBB permeability via caveolae-dependent transcytosis

Clostridial perfringens type B or D

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8
Q

What pathogens can encode enterotoxins?

A

E. coli, rotavirus (nsp4), salmonella, C. difficile, Cryptosporidia

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9
Q

What do pore-forming toxins (PFTs) do?

A

Disruption of barriers, cell entry, killing inflammatory cells

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10
Q

Antigenic drift vs antigenic shift

A

•Drift: point mutation, usually doesn’t alter AA composition
•Shift: large change in viral genome

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11
Q

How does antigenic shift occur?

A

•Reassortment: segmented RNA viruses - 2 or more different viral strains infect same cell and reassemble to form new, mixed virus
•Recombination: DNA and RNA viruses - nucleic acid strand break then rejoined to end of different DNA molecule

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12
Q

Rotavirus
-virus type
-significant proteins/other factors

A

•Nonenveloped dsRNA virus
•Viral capsid attachment proteins: VP4 & 7
•Produces enteritoxin NSP4 - secretory diarrhea, hypermotility, inc intracellular Ca, cell membrane dysfunction

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13
Q

Rinderpest, CDV, measles
-virus type
-significant proteins/other factors

A

•Morbillivirus, enveloped RNA virus
•CD150/SLAM receptors on host cell
•Proteins hemagglutinin (H) for attachment and fusion (F) for syncytial cell production

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14
Q

Classical swine fever, BVD
-virus type
-significant proteins/other factors

A

•Enveloped RNA virus
•Replication in tonsillar crypts
•Attachment proteins: Erns and E2

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15
Q

African swine fever
-virus type
-significant proteins/other factors

A

•Enveloped DNA virus
•Glycoproteins p12, p54, p30

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16
Q

Parvovirus
-virus type
-significant proteins/other factors

A

•Nonenveloped DNA virus
•Peyer’s patches, continuously dividing cells

17
Q

Rabies
-virus type
-significant proteins/other factors

A

•Lyssavirus, enveloped RNA virus
•Binds G envelope protein to cell receptors
•Entera via clathrin-coated pigs
•Retrograde axonal transport

18
Q

Immune response to fungal infections

A

Th17 cells

19
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans virulence factors

A

•Polysaccharide capsule:
-glucuronoxylomannan: inhibits phagocytosis
-galactoxylomannan
-blocks dendritic cell maturation
•Glucosylceramide synthase
•Phospholipase
•Urease
•Melanin production

20
Q

Blasto virulence factors

A

•BAD1 - adherence to CR3 and CD14 receptors on alveolar macs
•Melanin and glucans
•Change surface polysaccharides and hides and phagosomes

21
Q

Histoplasmosis virulence inflammation type

A

Requires T cells - Th1
-induces macs to secrete TNF

22
Q

Histoplasma virulence factors

A

•Inhibition of phagolysosome acidification, lysosomal proteases
•Leukocyte trafficking

23
Q

Coccidioidomycosis life stages

A

Arthroconidia (soil [inhaled]) > spherules > endospores inside spherules > release of endospores > mycelia > arthroconidia formation

24
Q

Coccidioidomycosis virulence factors

A

•Spherule outer wall glycoprotein
•Host tissue arginase I and coccidioidal urease

25
Q

Aspergillus virulence factors

A

•Adhesins
•Antioxidants - melanin, mannitol, catalases, superoxide dismutases
•Phospholipases, proteases
•Alfatoxin

26
Q

BSE uptake in body and tissue sample for diagnosis

A

Follicular dendritic cells
Obex/DMNV

27
Q

Listeria monocytogenes
-mode of transport
-virulence factors
-cell of infection

A

-Retrograde axonal transport > internalins using E-cadherins > escape via listeriolysin O, phospholipase C, lecithinase
-Surface protein actA - polymerization of target cell actin filaments
-Infects endothelial cells > perivascular microabscesses

28
Q

Brucellosis
-mode of entry
-virulence factors

A

-M cells, transcytosis
-phagosome-lysosome fusion blocked via rapid acidification
-leukocyte trafficking

29
Q

Secretion system bacteria examples
1-6

A
  1. Apoptosis; Salmonella, Actinobacillus
  2. Actinobacillus
  3. Invasion, cytotoxic; Salmonella, Actinobacillus, ETEC, Yersinia
  4. Brucellosis
    5.
    6.
30
Q

Salmonellosis
-mode of entry
-survival tactic

A

-M cells, enterocytes - via endocytosis
-inhibit phag-lysosome fusion

31
Q

Bacillus anthracis
-virulence factors

A

-capsule
-protective antigen - facilitates toxin entry
-lethal factor (lethal toxin) and edema factor

32
Q

Clostridium perfringens
-cytotoxins functions

A

-alpha and beta: enterocytes membrane and ECM toxins
-epsilon: inc enterocytes/endothelial cell permeability > change IV absorption of toxins
-iota: disrupts cytoskeleton > cell lysis

33
Q

Clostridium perfringens A and B domains functions

A

A (light chain): cleave proteins within target cells that form synaptic fusion complex (SFC/SNARE proteins)
B (heavy): mediate transport via endo/exocytosis

34
Q

Cl. tetani vs. botulinum

A

Tetanus: prevents RELEASE OF GABA > spastic paralysis
Botulism: prevents RELEASE OF ACh > flaccid paralysis

35
Q

ETEC vs EHEC vs EPEC
-virulence factors

A

•ETEC: K99 or F41 fimbrial adhesins; secrete heat labile (LT) and heat stable (ST) enterotoxins
•EHEC: shiga toxins, verotoxin
•EPEC: espA/espB/espD, verotoxin

36
Q

Which bacteria form biofilms?

A

Pseudomonas, streptococci, legionella

37
Q

•Virulence factor transmission
•Bacterial transfer of genes

A

•Horizontally
•Vertical to offspring and horizontal between bacteria

38
Q

Horizontal gene transfer methods:
Conjugation vs transformation vs transduction

A

•Conjugation: direct transfer of plasmids b/w bacteria
•Transformation: take up pieces of bacteria from environment from dead bacteria (“competent”)
•Transduction: transfer by bacteriophages b/w closely related bacteria

Gen Path (8 decks)

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