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You're Passing the Exam Sis... This Isn't an Option > Diagnostic Tests > Flashcards

Diagnostic Tests Flashcards

1
Q

Testing for autoimmune condition (4)

A

Increased
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - sign of inflammation
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - sign of inflammation
Positive rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies - sign of autoimmune
Positive anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) - sign of autoimmune

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2
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

all 4 standard autoimmune tests + positive anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA)

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3
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A

all 4 standard autoimmune tests + positive anti-dsDNA antibodies

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4
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

MRI

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5
Q

anemia

A

Low Hgb, RBC, Hct
If microlytic (iron deficiency related), decreased MCV < 80 because RBCs are smaller

if macrolytic (B12 or folate deficiency) increased MCV >100 because RBCs are bigger via schilling test

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6
Q

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

A

D-dimer test (marker of fibrinolysis) , positive is sign of blood clot

DVT: ultrasound (US) , venography, or MRI
PE: pulmonary computed tomographic anigiography (CTA)

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7
Q

Stroke prevention

A

CHA2DS2-VASc

CHF
HTN
Age > 65 =1 pt, >75 = 2 pt
DM
Stroke/Transischemic Attack = 2 pt
VA = vascular disease or previous MI
Sc = sex category

Patients with 2 or more points are to be treated with full anticoagulation and anyone with 1 can be on ASA

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8
Q

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia

A

Unexplained drop in platelets >50% from baseline 5-14 days after starting heparin

positive antibodies revealed on a heparin platelet factor 4 (PF4) ELISA and/or serotonin release assay

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9
Q

ACS

A

ECG or EKG (electrocardiogram) (to understand the rhythm and function of the heart)

Cardiac enzymes like creatine kinase muscle/brain (CK-MB), troponin I, T

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10
Q

ECG /EKG vs Echo

A

ECG/EKG are both aka electrocardiograms where a provider will be able to hear the hearts rhythm and function “hear the heart”. Echocardiogram aka Echo is just a heart ultrasound to be able to see the heart.

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11
Q

Arrythmias

A

ECG/EKG, Holter monitor (portable device), HR

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12
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA or stroke)

A

Computed tomography (CT), MRI

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13
Q

Chronic Heart Failure

A

ECHO, increased B type Natriuretic peptide (BNP), increased N-terminal pro BNP (NT-proBNP)

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14
Q

Stable Ischemic Heart Disease (SIHD)/Chronic Stable Angina)

A

Cardiac stress test, angiography

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15
Q

Dyslipidemia

A

Increased TC, non-HDL, TGs, coronary artery calcium (CAC- non invasive scan of heart measuring calcium containing plaque)

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16
Q

HTN

A

increased systolic and diastolic BP

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17
Q

Hypertensive emergency

A

> /= 180/120mmHg with sign of acute target organ damage
(chest discomfort (myocardial ischemia or MI), back pain (aortic dissection), altered level of consciousness, headache, visual disturbances (hypertensive encephalopathy), or shortness of breath)

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18
Q

Hypertensive urgency

A

> /=180/120 WITHOUT sign of acute target organ damage

(chest discomfort (myocardial ischemia or MI), back pain (aortic dissection), altered level of consciousness, headache, visual disturbances (hypertensive encephalopathy), or shortness of breath)

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19
Q

10 year risk for atherosclerotic CVD

A

Use the calculator if they haven’t had any ASCVD history in the past. ACS/IHD, stroke, PAD.

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20
Q

Diabetes/prediabetes

A

FBG, OGTT, A1c

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21
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

decreased TSH, increased free T4 (FT4)

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22
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

increased TSH, decreased free T4 (FT4)

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23
Q

Ovulation

A

LH - when it’s at its peak. This is the optimal time for intercourse to become pregnant

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24
Q

Pregnancy

A

Positive human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine (at home test) or blood

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25
Q

Bacterial vaginitis

A

Clear white or gray vaginal discharge with a fishy odor and pH > 4.5 little or no pain.

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26
Q

Candida vaginitis

A

White, thicker vaginal discharge, pruritis (itchy itchy)

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27
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Yellow, green, frothy, foul smelling vaginal discharge =, pH > 4.5, soreness and pain with sex

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28
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (mouth to small intestine

Duodenal ulcer - pain whenever food is not in stomach and 2-3 hrs after eating. pain relief with food and antacids

Gastric ulcer - pain whenever food is in the stomach, little to no pain relief with food and antacids

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29
Q

GERD

A

Esophogeal pH monitoring , endoscopy

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30
Q

H. Pylori

A

Urea breath test (UBT), fecal antigen test

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31
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease (Ulcerative colitis, crohn’s disease)

A

Endoscopy (for crohn’s disease, which affects any part of the GI tract)

Sigmoidoscopy (for ulcerative colitis, which affects the colon (large intestine) and rectum)

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32
Q

Bronchospastic diseases

A

Spirometry, measures FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC

FEV1 - how much air can be forcefully exhaled in one second
FVC - max amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled
FEV1/FVC - percentage of total air capacity (“vital capacity”) that can be forcefully exhaled in one second

33
Q

Asthma

A

FVC, FEV1 and peak expiratory flow rate

Allergy testing: a skin test to detect allergen

34
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 0.7 (less than 70%)

eosinophils >/300 cells/microL indicated inflammation and the patient will have a better response to inhaled corticosteroids.

35
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Arterial blood gas measurements

pH low, HCO3- low - body compensates through respiratory alkalosis

36
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Arterial blood gas measurements

pH low, high pCO2 - body compensates through metabolic alkalosis

37
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

arterial blood gas

pH high, high HCO3-, compensation is respiratory acidosis

38
Q

Respiratory alkalsosis

A

arterial blood gas
pH high , low pCO2, compensation is metabolic acidosis

39
Q

Anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

check the anion gap . if > 12 mEq, that means its anion gap

AG = Na+ - Cl - HCO3

40
Q

Infection

A

temp >/= 100.4 or 38 C, increased WBC left shift = increased bands aka immature neutrophils always = inflammation or infection

41
Q

C difficile

A

Positive C diff. test from stool toxin or PCR

42
Q

HIV

A

HIV antigen/antibody immunoassay, HIV - 1/ HIV - 2 antibody differentiation immunoassay, HIV RNA viral load, nucleic acid test

43
Q

Infective endocarditis

A

Echo (to check for vegetation), blood culture to ID the organism

44
Q

lyme disease

A

round red bullseye rash, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA test

45
Q

meningitis

A

Lumbar puncture (LP) plus symptoms of severe headache, stiff neck, and altered mental status.

46
Q

Onychomycosis (fungal infection of toenail or fingernail)

A

20% KOH smear

47
Q

Lice (pediculosis)

A

Pruritis, visible lice on the scalp and nits (eggs) on hair shafts

48
Q

Pinworm (vermicularis)

A

Tape test - on the skin adjacent to anus to check the presence of the eggs , helminths worms in blood, feces or urine

49
Q

Pneumonia

A

Chest xray showing infiltrates, consolidates, opacities

50
Q

Syphilis

A

Positive nontreponomal assay (rapid plasma reagin - RPR) or venereal diseases research laboratory (VDRL) blood test, and treponemal assay

51
Q

Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis

A

Toxoplasma IgG test

52
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Latent TB: positive tuberculin skin test (TST) aka Purified protein derivative (PPD) or interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test

Active TB : positive sputum acid fast bacilli (AFB) stain and culture , chest X ray with cavitation

53
Q

urinary tract infection

A

urinalysis (showing positive leukocyte esterase (meaning that there are wbc’s present in the urine) or WBC > 10 cells/mm3, nitrites, bacteria), urine cultures

54
Q

Breast cancer

A

mammogram

55
Q

cervical cancer

A

pap smear, HPV test

56
Q

Colon cancer

A

Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, double contrast barium enema, CT colonography, stool DNA, fecal occult blood test (FOBT), fecal immunochemical test

57
Q

Lung cancer

A

CT chest

58
Q

Skin cancer

A

skin biopsy

59
Q

prostate cancer

A

Digital rectam exam (DRE), prostate specific antigen (PSA)

60
Q

General

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test - a marker to identify cancer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

61
Q

Allergic reactions

A

skin prick (scratch) test

immunoglobulin (IgE) blood test

62
Q

Bleeding conditions

A

decreased Hgb/hct, coffee ground emesis, dark/tarry stools (upper GI bleeding), red blood in stool (lower GI bleeding or hemorrhoid)

63
Q

Cholestasis (bile duct blockage)

A

increased alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos), increased total bilirubin (Tbili), increased gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)

64
Q

Cognitive impairment

A

mini-mental state exam (MMSE), score of <24 means impairment

65
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Sweat test (checking for chloride) if the test is positive, it means that the child has high chloride levels in their body because they don’t have the channels to move chloride in or out of the body’s cells, so they build up. When chloride (a apart of salt) cannot move properly in and out of cells, this means water can’t either and it can’t hydrate cells surfaces, so the patient ends up having thick and sticky mucus

66
Q

Glaucoma

A

increased intraocular pressure (IOP), visual field test (to identify the optic nerve damage)

67
Q

Gout

A

increased uric acid (UA) level

68
Q

Liver disease

A

Liver function tests (LFTs) increased ALT/AST, alkPhos, Tbilli, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

  • For cirrhosis: increased INR/PT, and decreased albumi
  • For Alcoholic liver disease: increased AST > increased ALT, increased GGT
  • For hepatic encephalopathy: increased ammonia level in blood
69
Q

Movement disorders

A

ex: parkinsons

abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS),
rating scale used to measure involuntary movements or tardive dyskanesias as monitoring for patient improvement

70
Q

Myopathy

A

creatinine kinase or creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

71
Q

Neuropathy, Peripheral

A

Assess sensation with a 10g monofilament pinprick, temperature and vibration tests

72
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Xray, MRI

73
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone mineral density (BMD) using dual energy. x ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA)

if T score </= - 2.5 then osteoporosis is present
if T score is -1 to -2.4 then osteopenia is present

74
Q

Pain

A

Pain scales, non-verbal signs of discomfort

75
Q

Pancreatitis

A

increased amylase/lipase

76
Q

psychiatric disease

A

DSM5 criteria
depression: HAM-D or HDRS assessment scale

77
Q

Renal disease

A

increased BUN/SCr, creatinine clearance (CrCl), glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin

Dehydration: BUN/SCr ratio >20:1 with symptoms like decreased urine output and dry mucous membranes and tachycardia

78
Q

Seizures/epilepsy

A

electroencephalogam (EEG)

79
Q

Weight

A

BMI + waist circumference, IBW, TBW

You're Passing the Exam Sis... This Isn't an Option (26 decks)

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