Diabetic Retinopathy Flashcards
1
Q
Mechanism and clinical presentation
A
Retinal hypoxia —> retinal ischaemia —> VEGF —>
neovascularisation
Clinical presentation Micro aneurisms Vitreous haemorrhages Exudates Cotton wool spots Macular oedema Venous beading IRMA Advanced disease: vitreous haemorrhages, retinal detachment, NVI - can grow into angle and cause glaucoma
2
Q
Treatment
A
laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF intravitreal injection
3
Q
Retinal vein occlusion
A
Central - blood and thunder - RAPD and VA 6/60 to HM
Branched - usually at AV crossing no RAPD and VA 6/9 to 6/60
4
Q
Retinal artery occlusion
A
temporary - amaurosis fugax
Central - cherry red spot and pale retina - PATHOGNOMONIC - profound RAPD
Branched - sectoral vision loss
5
Q
Hypertensive Retinopathy
A
copper/silver wiring - generalised narrowing Focal narrowing - AV nipping flame haemorrhages Cotton wool spots Exudates - macular star Papilloedema
6
Q
Staging of hypertensive Retinopathy
A
1 minimal RA narrowing
2 RA narrowing focal narrowing and AVN
3 1+2+ haemorrhages, hard exudates, Cotton Wool Spots
4 1-3 + optic disc swelling and macular star (HT emergency)
