Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LS 2 > Diabetes Quiz > Flashcards

Diabetes Quiz Flashcards

0
Q

How many over 20 years old will be diagnosed in the US this year?

A

More than 1.5 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What percent of Americans had diabetes in 2005? How many were unaware they had diabetes?

A

7%, 6.2 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many over the age of 60 have diabetes?

A

21%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is diabetes ranked in terms of the leading cause of death in the US?

A

Sixth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was diabetes known as in the early days?

A

The “disease of affluence”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the prediction of number with diabetes in the world, and from which organization is this approximation?

A

171 million, World Health Organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the six main complications of diabetes?

A

Heart disease, stroke, and hypertension; blindness; kidney disease; nervous system disorders; amputation; and pregnancy problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does diabetes affect the death rates for heart disease and stroke?

A

Two to four times higher death rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What percentage of those with diabetes have a tendency for high blood pressure?

A

Over 70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What percentage of diabetics does heart disease and stroke account for their deaths?

A

About 65% (as opposed to the normal 40%).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can diabetics reduce their risk for heart disease and stroke (4)?

A

By controlling their cholesterol and blood pressure; taking aspirin; not smoking; most likely blood glucose control as well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness with onset in adults and why?

A

Diabetes because it can damage the delicate blood vessels in the retina of the eye. 12,000 to 24,000 new cases every year.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can diabetics prevent blindness (2)?

A

Control blood glucose and blood pressure; have annual eye exams.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is diabetes ranked in terms of the cause of kidney failure?

A

Number one cause (44% of cases in 2002).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can diabetics reduce their risk for kidney disease (3)?

A

By glucose control, blood pressure control, and annual screening tests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What percentage of diabetics have damage to their nervous systems, and what kind of severity is it?

A

60 to 70 percent, ranging from minor to severe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the term for a lack of sensation in toes or feet?

A

Peripheral neuropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is peripheral neuropathy?

A

A lack of sensation in toes or feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What percentage of diabetics over 40 have peripheral neuropathy?

A

Almost 30%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What nervous system disorders are common in diabetics?

A

Lacking sensation in toes or feet (peripheral neuropathy), numbness or pain in other limbs, sluggish digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is there a higher risk of severe infections that can lead to amputations in diabetics?

A

They aren’t aware of injuries or inflammation in numbed feet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What percentage of amputations involving toes, feet, and legs (except those from accidents) occur among diabetics?

A

Over 60%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can diabetics prevent amputation (2)?

A

Glucose control and more attention to foot care.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two types of pregnancy problems that can occur with diabetic women and what causes these problems?

A
  1. Spontaneous abortions in as many as 20% of pregnancies or major birth defects if there is poor diabetes control before conception or in the first trimester
  2. Baby can grow unusually large if there is poor diabetes control later; a risk to both mother and child
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What other complications can arise from diabetes (3)?

A
  1. Severe gum disease in one-third of diabetics; endangers teeth
  2. More likely to die of the flu or pneumonia
  3. At risk for disruptive biochemical imbalances (diabetic ketoacidosis) that are life-threatening if poor control of diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

A disruptive biochemical imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is an example of a disruptive biochemical imbalance?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A disease in which too many glucose accumulates in the blood because of a breakdown in how the body makes or reacts to the hormone insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone that enables muscle, fat, and other types of cells to take up and process glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens if cells can’t burn or store glucose normally?

A

Blood levels rise chronically and damage accumulates throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What was type 1 diabetes previously known as and when does it occur?

A

aka juvenile diabetes, occurs when the body sabotages its own ability to produce insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does type 1 diabetes specifically work?

A

A disorder of an immune system leads it to attack the insulin-making beta cells in the pancreas, thereby forming an inability to produce insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do those with type 1 diabetes need?

A

An artificial source of insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Who most commonly has type 1 diabetes?

A

Children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What percentage of all cases of diabetes in the US are type 1?

A

Only 5 to 10 percent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin resistance that causes cells to stop responding properly to the hormone for poorly understood reasons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How does the body initially react in a person with type 2 diabetes, and what happens later?

A

The pancreas produces greater amounts of insulin at first in retaliation. Over time, the pancreas reduces its production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are some things that the body of someone with type 2 diabetes may initially respond to, and what may be necessary later?

A

Diet, exercise, and weight control.

Later, medications and insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

A form that usually resolves itself after delivery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What percentage of all pregnant women develop gestational diabetes?

A

About 4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the term for diabetes of pregnant women?

A

Gestational diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Of what could diabetes also be a rare consequence?

A

Of certain genetic conditions or chemical exposures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Why do over 6 million Americans have type 2 diabetes and aren’t aware that they have it?

A

The early symptoms seem harmless and vague.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the early symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

A

Frequent urination, extreme thirst and hunger, irritability, fatigue, and blurred vision.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the early symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A

Unexplained rapid weight loss, dehydration, or ketoacidosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the difference between early symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 diabetes comes on more quickly and with more prominent symptoms; Type 2 diabetes seems harmless and vague.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What two things trigger diabetes?

A

Genetic and environmental triggers: complex and unsure of specifics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

For type 1 diabetes, what is the percentage of times that an identical twin of someone with diabetes will develop the condition?

A

No more than 50% of the time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

For type 1 diabetes, how does the environmental factor trigger the diabetes?

A

An unidentified factor (perhaps a virus) must trigger the immune systems of genetically susceptible people to attack the beta cells in their pancreas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q 
What factor decreases the chance of someone getting type 1 diabetes?
A. Weight loss
B. Being breast-fed
C. Eating more sugars
D. Exercising daily
A

B.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

For type 2 diabetes, what is the percentage of times that an identical twin of someone with diabetes will develop the condition?

A

Up to 75% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How does the genetic component compare in those forming type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

The genetic component is greater in people with type 2 diabetes. It tends to run more obviously in families.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

When does the genetic component matter for those at risk of type 2 diabetes?

A

In those living a Western lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are lifestyle risk factors to getting type 2 diabetes?

A

Weight gain and insufficient exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Among which ethnicities is type 2 diabetes more common (4)?

A

African-Americans, Latinos, Asians, and Native Americans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

List three differences in risk factors in getting type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

A
  1. Lifestyle affects type 2 diabetes.
  2. Ethnicity affects type 2 diabetes.
  3. The environment is only mentioned in type 1 diabetes.
57
Q

How does one get diagnosed with diabetes?

A

Test a patient’s blood with either a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test or an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

58
Q

For what does FPG stand?

A

Fasting plasma glucose

59
Q

For what does OGTT stand?

A

Oral glucose tolerance test

60
Q

What does FPG measure, and what is the signal for diabetes?

A

The concentration of glucose in the blood of a person who has been fasting for 12 hours. Over 125mg per deciliter means a person is diabetic.

61
Q

What does OGTT measure, and what is the signal for diabetes?

A

The subject’s blood glucose level both after a fast and two hours after consuming a glucose-rich drink. A latter reading above 200mg per deciliter means a person is diabetic.

62
Q

Which diagnostic test does the American Diabetes Association (ADA) favor?

A

The FPG because it’s cheaper, faster, and easier for patients.

63
Q

What is prediabetes?

A

A state in which blood glucose levels are elevated but not quite high enough to qualify as diabetes.

64
Q

What are some other names for prediabetes?

A

Impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose

65
Q

How many of those who get type 1 and 2 diabetes move through a prediabetes stage?

A

Type 1: not mentioned

Type 2: almost all

66
Q

What is the risk of getting heart disease and stroke as a person with prediabetes?

A

50% higher risk.

67
Q

Can slightly less than diabetic blood glucose levels still do long-term damage to the body?

A

Yes.

68
Q

In a clinical study from 2002 (Diabetes Prevention Program), what percentage of those with prediabetes became classified as type 2 diabetes during the three year study?

A

About 11%

69
Q

About how many Americans have prediabetes?

A

54 million

70
Q

How does one prevent progression or even lower the glucose levels of those with prediabetes?

A

Moderate exercise and changes to diet

71
Q

In a clinical study from 2002 (Diabetes Prevention Program), by what percentage did patients reduce their risk of diabetes if they lowered their weight by 5 to 10 percent (about 10 to 15 pounds) through diet and exercise?

A

By 58% or by 71% if over the age of 60

72
Q

What can help keep people from acquiring prediabetes?

A

Regular exercise and healthy diet.

73
Q

What is the main goal in diabetes management?

A

To constantly keep blood glucose levels as normal as possible.

74
Q

What are the two strategies to managing diabetes?

A
  1. Steadily monitor blood glucose levels
    or
  2. Anticipate changes in them and respond appropriately.
75
Q

What should all diabetics periodically use (test)?

A

A hemoglobin A1c test

76
Q

What is a hemoglobin A1c test?

A

A test that indicates a patient’s average blood glucose concentration over the preceding 3 months to see if a treatment is going well

77
Q

How can one monitor daily blood glucose levels, traditionally?

A

With a home blood tester

78
Q

How does a home blood tester work?

A
  1. Prick a finger with a trigger-style lancet.
  2. Apply a drop of blood to a test strip
  3. Insert into a digital reader (“finger-stick monitors”)
79
Q

What is a continuous glucose-monitoring system?

A

A system that samples blood glucose levels many times over the course of a day with small radio-equipped sensors.

80
Q

What system did three companies recently introduce?

A

Continuous glucose-monitoring systems

81
Q

What three companies introduced continuous glucose-monitoring systems?

A

MedTronic Diabetes, DexCom, and Abbott Diabetes Care

82
Q

How does the sensor work in continuous glucose-monitoring systems?

A

The sensor sends information on levels to a pager-size monitoring device

83
Q

What continuous glucose-monitoring sensors has the FDA approved?

A

Only those that measure continuously for 3-7 days

84
Q

What does Medtronic’s Real-Time monitor do?

A

Sends measurements every minute, displays an average of the last 5 minutes, shows the daily highs and lows, shows trends (see how specific foods and activities affect the body)
Another version interacts with the insulin pump

85
Q

What do we hope to create in the future, and which diabetes would it help?

A

We hope to be able to automatically adjust insulin pump doses, thus acting like a mechanical pancreas. It would sense glucose and administer the appropriate dosage of insulin. This would help type 1 in particular.

86
Q

What are the obstacles to continuous glucose-monitoring systems (3)?

A
  1. Not automatically covered by insurance
  2. Don’t always register exact glucose levels because they’re implanted in the tissue underneath skin; not in the bloodstream itself (subcutaneous sensors)
  3. Subcutaneous levels tend to lag those in the bloodstream, so there’s a problem with calibration (Abbott’s device can’t be calibrated if the blood glucose levels are rising)
87
Q

What does the Patient Data Handler (PDH) by InterMed Health Technologies in Cambridge, Mass. do?

A

It sends health info via a modem or broadband connection to a central server every night. InterMed’s software analyzes and produces a feedback report that is emailed to the patient and care provider.
Working on enrolling patients through HMOs.

88
Q

What is the GlucoPack by HealthPia America?

A

It is a glucose-measuring device that can be fitted into a cell phone. It is just like a standard glucose meter (test blood using traditional lancet) but you use a special strip stored in the phone to analyze it. It’s then downloaded to the phone, where the patient can text it to a caregiver.

89
Q

How was artificial insulin first made, and what were the problems with this process?

A

By running animal pancreases through a meat grinder. Problems: difficult-to-predict efficacy levels and possibly allergic reactions

90
Q

Why can’t insulin be taken orally?

A

Because digestive enzymes destroy the insulin molecules

91
Q

What is the new way of producing artificial insulin, and when was it first discovered?

A

Mass production of human insulin proteins by growing them in bacteria (less allergenic than animal insulin)
1982

92
Q

Now in the US, what type of insulin is sold?

A

All insulin is now of the human type.

93
Q

What does the pancreas normally release, and when does it increase its release?

A

It normally releases small amounts of insulin constantly with bigger infusions at mealtimes.

94
Q

What are the two types of insulin?

A
  1. Basal insulin

2. Bolus insulin

95
Q

What is basal insulin and how often is it administered?

A

It’s a long-acting form of insulin that is administered one to two times a day.

96
Q

What is bolus insulin and how often is it administered?

A

It’s a rapid-acting form of insulin that is administered before meals.

97
Q

How have researchers been reformulating insulin?

A

By creating faster, slower, and intermediate-working versions with different durations of action.

98
Q

What kind of needles did people use to inject insulin in the past?

A

Large-bore needles

99
Q

What were the disadvantages to large-bore needles?

A

Expensive and quickly went dull

100
Q

What kind of needles do people use now to inject insulin?

A

Small gauge needles that can be painless

101
Q

How do pen-shaped injectors work, and what is the benefit of them?

A

Contains many dosages in one pen, and new disposable needles are attacked.
Eliminates the need for drawing fluid out of a vial with a syringe–more discreet in public.

102
Q

What is an insulin pump?

A

A pagerlike device that is worn continually and can be programmed to deliver both basal and bolus infusions through a catheter inserted under the skin

103
Q

What are the benefits (2) and drawbacks (2) of an insulin pump?

A

Benefit: more discreet and effective for some
Drawbacks: expensive, must be careful during exercise in case the pump gets dislodged or damaged.

104
Q

Why was inhalable insulin withdrawn from the market (3)?

A

Because of an unwieldy apparatus, the additional training required to use the device, and questionable long-term pulmonary effects.

105
Q

What other delivery methods of insulin are still under investigation (3)?

A
  1. Nasal spray
  2. Self-contained implantable pump
  3. Transdermal patch that uses electric current to move insulin across the skin barrier
106
Q

What is the ideal way to administer insulin?

A

An oral version of insulin that avoids destruction in the digestive tract.

107
Q

Which age range had the biggest increase in estimated number of new cases in 2005?
A. 20-39
B. 40-59
C. 60+

A

B.

108
Q

Of these age ranges, rank them from lowest to highest in terms of prevalence of diabetes?
A. 20-39
B. 40-59
C. 60+

A

A. B. C.

109
Q

What is Avandia, and what is the negative side to it?

A

A popular drug that lowers blood glucose by making cells more receptive to insulin and increases risk of heart attack

110
Q

What is Byetta?

A

exenatide. It mimics the hormone incretin.

111
Q

What is incretin?

A

A hormone that the digestive tract releases in response to carbohydrates and fats (elevated blood glucose). Tells the pancreas to secrete extra insulin.

112
Q

What was Byetta inspired by?

A

The digestive system of the Gila monster which needs to eat only 3-4x a year because there is exendin-4 on the saliva that jumpstarts the pancreas after its long fasts.

113
Q

What is exenatide, and what’s another name for it?

A

It increases the insulin produced after meals and slows the absorption of carbs in humans. Byetta

114
Q

Which type of diabetes does Byetta help, and what are the two side effects (1 positive, 1 negative)?

A

Type 2 to control glucose levels. Reduces appetite (weight loss) and causes nausea.

115
Q

What is Symlin, and what are its two side effects (1 positive, 1 negative)? Which diabetes does it help?

A

Pramlintide. Simulates the hormone amylin. Makes the body feel full by slowing the rate at which food passes from the stomach to the intestine (weight loss) and has the side effect of nausea.
Type 1 and type 2.

116
Q

What is amylin?

A

A satiety hormone that is produced by and secreted by the pancreas along with insulin after meals. Helps depress blood glucose.

117
Q

What is Januvia, and what is a positive side effect of it?

A

Sitagliptin phosphate. An oral tablet that is taken once daily. Raises incretin levels in the body by inhibiting the production of DPP-4. This also signals the liver to release less glucose into the blood, which lowers the body’s need to produce insulin. Reduces weight gain.

118
Q

What type of diabetes is Januvia used for?

A

Type 2

119
Q

What is DPP-4?

A

An enzyme that naturally destroys incretins

120
Q

What three drugs are used to help manage diabetes that aren’t insulin, and what are the complications of taking these medications?

A

Byetta, Symlin, and Januvia.
Delaying the emptying of the stomach can make timing insulin injections more difficult. It will require more individualized dosing regimens.

121
Q

What is a questionable side effect of Januvia?

A

Januvia’s effects on breaking down hormones may cause long-term toxicity levels in the body.

122
Q

Do most diabetic people take insulin?

A

No.

123
Q

Why don’t most diabetic people take insulin, and what do they do instead?

A

Because the body still produces it. They take medications to help make more insulin or to use it better.

124
Q

What are the five main oral medications?

A
  1. Alpha glucosidase inhibitors (Precose, Glycet)
  2. Metformin
  3. Meglitinides (Starlix, Prandin)
  4. Sulfonylureas
  5. Thiazolidinediones (Avandia and Actos)
125
Q

What is the concern over thiazolidinediones?

A

Cardiovascular effects

126
Q

What are DPP-4 inhibitors, and what do they do?

A

aka Januvia; a newer drug that helps to maintain levels of GLP-1, an intestinal hormone that promotes insulin production.

127
Q

What is GLP-1?

A

An intestinal hormone that promotes insulin production.

128
Q

How are incretic mimetic agents taken, and what is a positive side effect of it?

A

aka Byetta; slows the emptying of the stomach (weight loss); injected

129
Q

How are amylin analogues taken, and what is a positive side effect of it?

A

aka Symlin; slows the emptying of the stomach (weight loss); injected

130
Q

What are the two things that are in the prototype stage for administering insulin?

A

A patch that administers insulin through the skin and insulin nasal sprays.

131
Q

What is Exubera and what is its nickname?

A

Inhaled insulin, aka “insulin bong”

132
Q

What is the advantage of Exubera, inhaled insulin?

A

It allows the body to reach peak insulin levels much more quickly than injections can.

133
Q

What are the drawbacks to Exubera, inhaled insulin (4)?

A
  1. Concern about inhaled insulin’s effect on the lungs
  2. Absorption would be difficult with respiratory infections, meaning that a common cold could be dangerous if relying on inhaled insulin
  3. Unsure if it delivers the same degree of exactness in an inhaler: diabetes requires very precise doses.
  4. Only for rapid-acting insulin for mealtimes, so long-acting insulin still has to be injected.
134
Q

What are two current extreme techniques to manage diabetes?

A
  1. Gastric bypass or reduction surgery

2. Pancreas transplant

135
Q

What is a gastric bypass, what is another name for it, and which type of diabetes does it help?

A

Shrinks space in the stomach for food. Aka reduction surgery. Can almost eliminate type 2 diabetes in the morbidly obese but it has its risks in surgery.

136
Q

What does a pancreas transplant do? What are the difficulties with this transplant, and which type of diabetes does it help?

A

It replaces insulin-making beta cells a person has lost. Surgery can be hazardous, few pancreases are unavailable for transplant, and the person would have to take immunosuppressive drugs for life to prevent their immune system from rejecting the new pancreas. Helps a few people with type 1 diabetes.

137
Q

What are two extreme techniques we hope to use in the future to manage diabetes?

A
  1. Transplanting just the pancreatic islet clusters that contain beta cells (type 1?)
  2. Using highly versatile stem cells to give rise to new tissues to replace lost beta cells. (type 1?)
138
Q

What are the benefits to transplanting just the pancreatic islet clusters that contain beta cells (in the future)?

A
  1. Involves less trauma than replacing an entire pancreas

2. Might be possible to encase the grafted cells in packaging that would protect them from the immune system.

LS 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions