DIABETES MELLITUS

Question 1

What is the pancreatic islet?

Answer 1

hormone producing area among the pacreatic cells that produce pancreatic digestive juices

Question 2

Where are pancreatic islets more abundant?

Answer 2

in the tail of the pancreas

Question 3

What are the 4 types of hormone secreting (endocrine) cells in the Islets of Langerhans?

Answer 3

• alpha cells - glucagon
• Beta cells - insulin and amylin
• Delta cells - somatostatin
• F cells - pancreatic polypeptide

Question 4

Where is glucagon released from?

Answer 4

pancreatic alpha cells and gut in response to low blood glucose levels, protein ingestion, and exercise

Question 5

Glucagon increases blood glucose by stimulating what 3 things?

Answer 5

1. glycogenolysis : breakdown of glycogen into glucose
2. gluconeogenesis: formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules
3. Ketogenesis: breakdown of fatty acids to ketone bodies

Question 6

What is the principal regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?

Answer 6

insulin

Question 7

What does insulin facilitate the transport of?

Answer 7

• facilitates glucose transport into cells
• transports amino acids across muscle membranes, and the synthesis of amino acids into protein in the peripheral tissues

Question 8

What parts of the body are not dependent on insulin for glucose uptake?

Answer 8

brain, nerves, lens of eye, hepatocytes, erythrocytes

Question 9

Explain the key explanation?

Answer 9

insulin is the key that unlocks glucose, if there is no insulin then the glucose will stay in the blood. The glucose will not leave the bloodstream cross the cell membrane and to the cytoplasm of the cell.

Question 10

What is the major stimulus for insulin synthesis and secretion?

Answer 10

an increased blood glucose level

Question 11

What usually inhibits insulin secretions?

Answer 11

low blood glucose levels (glucagon, somatostatin, hypokalemia, catecholamines)

Question 12

This is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by increased levels of glucose in the blood resulting from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both.

Answer 12

Diabetes

Question 13

DM is the leading cause of what 3 diseases?

Answer 13

adult blindness
end-stage renal disease
nontraumatic lower limb amputations

Question 14

DM is a major factor contributing to what diseases?

Answer 14

heart disease
stroke
peripheral vascular disease
hypertension and high cholesterol