Diabetes Lec 1-3 Flashcards
diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disease characterized by?
hyperglycemia
T/F 1 in 4 US adults with diabetes don’t know they have it
true
what effect does overload of glucose metabolites and end products have due to diabetes?
increased oxidative and inflammatory stress, damage epithelial cells, and damage myelin sheaths
define macrovascular disease
disease of large blood vessels, including coronary arteries, aorta, and arteries in brain/limbs
define microvascular disease
disease involving small blood vessels
what are examples of microvascular diseases and which one is the most common?
retinopathy (most common), diabetic kidney disease, peripheral neuropathy, and autonomic neuropathy
what is the goal of comprehensive care?
preventing long-term macrovascular and microvascular complications in addition to glycemic control
preprandial (fasting) plasma glucose levels:
normal, prediabetic, and diabetic
n: <100
pre: 100-125
diabetes: over 126
peak postprandial (after meal) plasma glucose levels:
normal, prediabetic, and diabetic
n: <140
pre: 140-199
diabetes: over 200
Glucose is used for ATP production and building blocks for _______ and substrates for ________
biopolymers, glycosylation
A1C levels:
normal, prediabetic, and diabetic
n: <5.7%
pre: 5.7-6.5%
diabetic: >6.5%
describe how carbs are broken down into glucose in the small intestine
pancreatic a-amylase is secreted into the small intestine to breaks down polysaccharides to glucose
additionally, intestinal a-glucosidase breaks down saccharides to glucose
what are the glucose polymers?
what disaccharides do they breakdown into?
what monosaccharides to disaccharides break down into and via which enzymes?
starch and glycogen
maltose, sucrose, and lactose
maltase -> 2 glucose, sucrase -> 1 glucose + 1 fructose, lactase -> 1 glucose + 1 galactose
what are non-pharm ways of helping w/ glycemic control?
low-carb diet (not for pts w/ eating disorder or renal disease), and avoid added sugar. a-glucosidase inhibitor (for GI discomfort)
T/F GLUTs require ATP to function
false non-energy dependent
describe GLUT1
present in all tissue mediating basal glucose uptake
describe GLUT2
major transporter in intestinal, hepatic and renal cells with low affinity for glucose
describe GLUT3
major transporter on neurons with a high affinity for glucose
describe GLUT4
transporter in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
T/F SGLTs are non-energy-dependent
false, they are energy-dependent
where do we find SGLT1? SGLT2?
what is SGLT1s role?
in intestinal and renal cells
in renal cells
actively transports glucose from the lumen into small intestine epithelial cells
how does glucose exit small intestine epithelial cells?
passive diffusion via GLUT2
glucose reabsorption occurs in the epithelial cells of?
the kidneys
SGLT2 transports ____ of glucose from the proximal tubule lumen into the epithelial cell
90%